※ 引述《vmp (日渐消瘦郁郁寡欢)》之铭言： : 唉唷……可是我的问题…只有一句回答喔 要长的答案也有，但是可能要花点时间消化 而且这篇文章没有经过授权（因为年代有一点久远了），请原作者包涵 虽然里面有一些观点我是不大同意，不过大抵上还可以接受 原作者为椰林风情的 recife，未经原作同意 bossa nova不是jazz，它是承袭了choro*和samba-cancao*的部分结构特色而又独创一 格，为"bossa nova教宗"Joao Gilberto(吉他奏法和唱腔)、"bossa nova领袖 "Vinicius de Moraes(写诗)及Tom Jobim(作曲)三人共同於1958年创始而来。 *choro(葡语的"Chorar"为"哭泣"之意，而choro的起名和chorar有一点关系，主要是指 演奏乐器其中的木管乐器听来有些"weeping"的感觉，但这并不代表choro是哀伤的；整 体上，choro的曲调是愉悦而即兴的)源於1870年巴西的里约，具备「复音音乐 polyphony」的本质而强调「对位法counterpoint」，而乐手本身演奏必备的高超技巧 功力和即兴演奏型态为其不可或缺的主要特质内涵，且choro的发源比起1900年源於美 国纽奥良的jazz要早一些。而钢琴家Alfred Heller在述及Villa-Lobos的choros时，亦 等於是对choro的整体结构和形式的同理描绘： “The Choros form seems to be based on a musical dramatization of a group of chorinho (choro的昵称) musicians getting together at night on the street to improvise. One plays a motif and another picks it up and takes it one step further, not necessarily in the same key, until they all are having a very good time "jamming" as we might call it today. It is difficult enough to get it all together with its polytonal and polyrhymic effects, but to play it in a popularesque improvisational way as well provides an even more task. Yet these pieces are delightful with their syncopations, polyrhythms, and their mournful weeping melodies.” *samba-cancao(森巴歌)源於1920年代末巴西里约，乃系以徐缓而带有些许感伤情怀的 抒情方式来吟唱，强调旋律与人声的揉合，节奏仅作为点缀。 虽然bossa nova不是jazz，但jazz却着实受到bossa nova的影响薰陶；换言之，不论是 在big band、bebop、modern、free、fusion、acid等jazz各类型，几乎所有的jazz artists都曾诠释过bossa nova和其他巴西音乐且持续至今。 如Miles Davis / Quiet Nights中的"Corcovado"；以及大部分的Miles Davis迷可能不 知道在他的Live Evil中，"Sivad (sample two)"、"Igrejinha"(Little Church)和 "Nem Um Talvez"(Not Even A Maybe)亦为巴西MPB演奏大师Hermeto Pascoal的作品； 而Miles Davis与Hermeto Pascoal在语言不太通的情况下竟结成好友，当两人决定合作 专辑时，Miles Davis即属意想将Hermeto Pascoal拿给他看的一些作品全数网罗在专辑 中，但为Hermeto Pascoal拒绝，且Hermeto Pascoal还开玩笑地对Miles Davis表示他 的作品无法割爱，不过，终究Miles Davis还是在Live Evil演奏了Hermeto Pascoal的3 首作品。 此外，几乎整张专辑的曲目都是诠释bossa nova等巴西音乐，或与Brazilian artists 的合作，或以Brazilian music为主题概念的的所谓jazz artists的Brazilian jazz专 辑大致就有： Cannonball Adderley / Cannonball's Bossa Nova Ray Brown Trio / Black Orpheus Dave Brubeck / Bossa Nova USA Laurindo Almeida & Charlie Byrd / Brazilian Soul Charlie Byrd & Bud Shank / Brazilville Charlie Byrd / My Inspiration-Music Of Brazil, / Bossa Nova Years, / Brazilian Byrd, / Bossa Nova Pelos Passaros, / Sugarloaf Suite John Coltrane / Bahia Paul Desmond / Bossa Antigua, / From The Hot Afternoon George Duke / A Brazilian Love Affair Michael Franks / Abandoned Garden Laura Fygi / Lady Wants To Know Ella Fitzgerald / Ella Abraca Jobim Stan Getz & Luiz Bonfa / Jazz Samba Encore Stan Getz & Joao Gilberto / Getz & Gilberto Stan Getz / Big Band Bossa Nova, / Bossa Nova Years Coleman Hawkins / Desafinado Joe Henderson / Double Rainbow Eddie Higgins Trio / Speaking Of Love Quincy Jones / Big Band Bossa Nova Lee Konitz / Brazilian Rhapsody, / Brazilian Serenade The Manhattan Transfer / Brasil Herbie Mann / Do The Bossa Nova with Herbie Mann, / Jasil Brazz, / Opalescence, / America&Brasil, / Brazilian Soft Shoe, / Caminho De Casa Gerry Mulligan & Jane Duboc / Paraiso Jazz Brazil Mark Murphy / Brazil Song Joe Pass / Tudo Bem Oscar Peterson / Carioca Lee Ritenour / Rio, / Twist Of Jobim, / Festival George Shearing / Bossa Nova Frank Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim / Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim Wayne Shorter / Native Dancer Sarah Vaughan / I Love Brazil, / Copacabana, / Brazilian Romance Toquinho & Sadao Watanabe / Made in Coracao Sadao Watanabe / Twin Best Paul Winter & Carlos Lyra / The Sound of Ipanema 另在jazz artists的专辑中有诠释一首或数首bossa nova曲目的： "Chega De Saudade" -- 如Dizzy Gillespie / 1965 "Corcovado"(Quiet Nights Of Quiet Stars) - 如Joe Pass & Niels - Henning Orsted Pedersen / Chops；Houston Person & Ron Carter / Now's The Time "Desafinado" -- 如Dizzy Gillespie / Dizzy's Diamonds；Art Pepper / Complete Galaxy Recordings "Fotografia"(Photograph) -- 如Chuck Mangione / Feelings Back "How Insensitive"(Insensatez) -- 如Dexter Gordon / Sophisticated Giant； Eddie Higgins / Again；Wes Montgomery / Tequila；George Shearing / Grand Piano "Manha De Carnaval" -- 如Ray Brown / Live at Concord；Dexter Gordon / Gettin Around；Freddie Hubbard / Body & The Soul；Chuck Mangione / Feelings Back； Gerry Mulligan / Night Lights "Mas Que Nada" -- 如Count Basie / Live At Tilburg Holland featuring Ella Fitzgerald；Dizzy Gillespie / Melody Lingers On；Dizzy Gillespie / Swing Low Sweet Cadillac "Meditation"(Meditacao) -- 如Count Basie / Live In Paris 1972； Ray Brown Trio / Red Hot Trio；Paul Desmond / Like Someone In Love；Dexter Gordon / More Power；Anita O'Day / Mello'Day "O Cantador"(Like A Lover) -- 如Mark Murphy / Stolen & Other Moments "Once I Loved"(Amor em Paz) -- 如Wes Montgomery / Campact Jazz "One Note Samba"(Samba de Uma Nota So) - 如Count Basie / Very Best Of Count Basie；Dizzy Gillespie / 1965 "Portuguese Washerwomen" -- 如Dizzy Gillespie / Melody Lingers On "Retrato Em Branco E Preto" -- 如Eddie Higgins / Portrait In Black & White "Someone To Light Up My Life"(Se Todos Fossem Iguais A Voce) -- Eddie Higgins / Portrait In Black & White；Shirley Horn / Jazz 'Round Midnight； Shirley Horn / Loving You；Mark Murphy / Stolen & Other Moments "Summer Samba(So Nice)" -- 如Dizzy Gillespie / Melody Lingers On；Anita O'Day / Mello'Day "the Girl From Ipanema" (Garota de Ipanema) - 如Louis Armstrong / Please Don't Talk About Me Whenever I'm Gone；Stephane Grappelli / Satin Doll； Archie Shepp / Fire Music；Zoot Sims / Hawthorne Nights "Waters Of March"(Aguas of Marco) - 如Mark Murphy / Stolen & Other Moments "Wave" - 如Fred Hersch & Bill Frisell / Songs We Know；Milt Jackson & Joe Pass & Ray Brown / Big 3；Joe Pass / Blues Dues；Joe Pass & J.J. Johnson / We'll Be Together Again；Oscar Peterson / Good Life；Oscar Peterson / In Russia；Oscar Peterson / Will To Swing；Mel Torme / Fujitsu-Concord Jazz Festival；McCoy Tyner / Supertrios 此外，从bossa nova开始席卷美国和世界後，巴西的一些顶尖吉他手和打击乐手亦成了 jazz及英语系pop/rock乐坛炙手可热的人物，而使得jazz artists及英语系pop/rock artists纷纷邀请为其固定班底或sideman，如Pat Metheny和Lyle Mays当他们接触了巴 西的bossa nova後，即深深为之吸引，而後在听到了巴西MPB Milton Nascimento的作 品後，更是为其风格所影响启发而使得Pat Metheny Group的音乐成为仿傚Milton Nascimento特有的"转角俱乐部Clube Da Esquina"风格，且在Pat Metheny力邀巴西的 打击乐手Nana Vasconcelos和Armando Marcal为其sideman後，Pat Metheny Group在欲 表达繁复多采的节奏韵律上才能有所生动诠译表现。 另担纲其他jazz artists的sideman的巴西打击乐手大致有： Airto Moreira -- Chick Corea, Miles Davis, Paul Desmond, George Duke, Stan Getz, Dizzy Gillespie, Freddie Hubbard, Keith Jarrett, Weather Report, Wayne Short； Dom Um Romao -- Cannonball Adderley, Paul Horn,Weather Report； Nana Vasconcelos -- Gato Barbieri, Don Cherry, Codona, Nana Simopoulos, John Zorn； Paulinho da Costa -- Miles Davis, Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie, Joe Pass, Lee Ritenour, David Sanborn, Diane Schuur, Stanley Turrentine； Guilherme Fernandes -- Gato Barbieri, Keith Jarrett, Elvin Jones, McCoy Tyner, Paul Winter； Cafe -- Mark Egan, Herbie Mann； Cyro Baptista -- Bill Frisell, John Zorn； 担纲其他jazz artists的sideman的巴西吉他手大致有： Oscar Castro Neves -- Ella Fitzgerald, Lee Ritenour, Paul Winter； Laurindo Almeida -- Modern Jazz Quartet, Stan Getz, Charlie Byrd, L.A.4, Anita O'Day, George Shearing, June Christy； Egberto Gismonti -- Paul Horn, Charlie Haden； Ricardo Silveira -- John Patitucci； 再者，除了巴西的bossa nova、choro、samba对jazz乐坛的启发影响和蓬勃发展贡献卓 着外，像是bolero、mambo、cha cha cha、son、calypso、highlife、juju、morna、 marabi、mbube等乐风均是被jazz artists广泛采用的元素风格，这也就是为什麽会有 Brazilian jazz巴西爵士乐、Afro-Cuban jazz非洲-古巴爵士乐或者说Afro-Cuban jazz即是一般所说的Latin jazz拉丁爵士乐、African jazz非洲爵士乐；但如果对巴西 音乐的bossa nova、choro、samba，或是拉丁音乐的bolero、mambo、cha cha cha、 son、calypso，或是非洲音乐的highlife、juju、morna、marabi、mbube没有概念的 话，那麽对於聆赏爵士乐，就较难有一完整而深切的体认，亦少了一份探究源头的乐趣 了。 --

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