国立中正大学电讯传播研究所 九十五学年度第二学期 传播经济教学大纲 上课时间： 每周三10时15分至13时 上课地点： 电传所研讨室225 任课老师： 刘骏州，分机 32553，email: [email protected]. 课程要求： 1、 每周阅读指定readings，并於上课时报告讨论，同学之请假程序与旷课成绩处理皆依 学校规定办理。 2、 2007年6月20日课後举行期末考，采take-home open book方式进行，答卷随期末报告 一同缴交，考试范围以授课内容为原则。 3、 期末缴交研究论文报告。同学需於期中时自行选定题目，提出本课程期末报告之书面 研究计划。期末报告应涵盖课程中介绍之经济概念与相关文献，并应包含完整（至少是具 体而微）之经济概念或数据资料分析，期末报告缴交期限为2007年6月27日13时。 评分标准： 课堂表现 占40％ 期末考 占10％ 期末研究报告 占50％。 SYLLABUS 3/7: Orientation. PART A: INTRODUCTION. 3/14: Media Economics: Definitions and Basic Concepts. *Hoskins, C. et al., (2004). Media Economics: Applying Economics to New and Traditional Media. London: Sage. Chapter 1, pp. 1-15. * Picard, R. G. (1989). Media Economics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Chapter 1. Doyle, G. (2002). Understanding Media Economics. London: Sage. Chapter 1, pp. 1-15. Owers, J. et al., (2004). An Introduction to Media Economic Theory and Practice. In A. Alexander et al. (eds.), Media Economics: Theory and Practice (pp.3-47). 3rd Edition. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA. Albarran, A. B. (1996). Media Economics: Understanding Markets, Industries and Concepts. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. Chapter 1 & 2, pp. 3-25. Wheatley, J. J. (1999). World Telecommunications Economics. London: IEE. Chapter 1: Introduction. Pp.1-29. Wirth, M. O. (2006). Issues in Media Convergence. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.445-462). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Lovelock, P. & Ure, J. (2002). The New Economy: Internet, Telecommunications and Electronic Commerce? In L. Lievrouw & S. Livingstone, (eds.), The Handbook of New Media (pp.350-368). London: Sage. Gomery, D. (1989). Media Economics: Terms of Analysis. Critical Study of Mass Communication 6(1), 43-60. 3/21: Media Economics Research: History and Paradigms. *Picard, R. G. (2006). Historical Trends and Patterns in Media Economics. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.23-36). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. *Wildman, S. S. (2006). Paradigms and Analytical Frameworks in Modern Economics and Media Economics. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.67-90). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Doyle, G. & Frith S. (2006). Methodological Approaches in Media Management and Media Economics Research. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.553-572). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Napoli, P. M. (2003). Audience Economics: Media Institutions and the Audience Marketplace. New York: Columbia University Press. Chapter 6: The Future of Audience Marketplace. pp. 171-183. Lacy, S. & Bauer, J. M. (2006). Future Directions for Media Economics Research. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.655-674). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Lacy, S. & Niebauer, Jr. W. E. (1995). Developing and Using Theory for Media Economics. The Journal of Media Economics 8(2), pp.3-13. 3/28: Media Economics vs. Political Economy. *Mosco, V. (1996). The Political Economy of Communication. London: Sage. Chapter 2: What is Political Economy? pp.22-69. *Graham, P. (2006). Issues in Political Economy. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics(pp.493-519). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Golding, P. & Murdock, G.(1991). Culture, Communications, and Political Economy. in J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds.), Mass Media and Society(pp.15-32). London: Edward Arnold. Murdock, G. & Golding, P. (1999). Common Markets: Corporate Ambitions and Communication Trends in the UK and Europe. The Journal of Media Economics 12(2), pp.117-132. Mosco, V. (1999). New York.Com: A Political Economy of the “Information” City. The Journal of Media Economics 12(2), pp.103-116. Sussman, G. & Lent, J. (1999). Who Speaks for Asia: Media and Information Control in the Global Economy. The Journal of Media Economics 12(2), pp.133-147. Lee, S. (1998). The Political Economy of the Russian Newspaper Industry. The Journal of Media Economics 11(2), pp. 57-71. Gandy, O. H. (1992). The Political Economy Approach: A Critical Challenge. The Journal of Media Economics 5(2), pp.23-42. PART B: KEY ISSUES. 4/11: Media Firms and the Market Structure. *Hoskins, C. et al., (2004). Media Economics: Applying Economics to New and Traditional Media. London: Sage. Chapter 7, pp. 141-156. * Picard, R. G. (1989). Media Economics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Chapter 2. Van Kranenburg, H. & Hogenbirk, A. (2006). Issues in Market Structure. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.325-344). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Chyi, H. & Sylvie, G. (1998). Competing with Whom? Where? and How? A Structural Analysis of the Electronic Newspaper Market. The Journal of Media Economics 11(2), 1-18. Napoli, P. M. (2003). Audience Economics: Media Institutions and the Audience Marketplace. New York: Columbia University Press. Chapter 1: The Audience Marketplace. pp. 15-35. Chan-Olmsted, S. M. & Kang, J. W. (2003). Theorizing the Strategies Architecture of a Broadband Television Industry. The Journal of Media Economics 16(1), pp.3-21. Wheatley, J. J. (1999). World Telecommunications Economics. London: IEE. Chapter 6: Market Structure and Dynamics. pp.129-157. Hendriks, P. (1995). Communications Policy and Industrial Dynamics in Media Markets: Toward a Theoretical Framework for Analyzing Media Industry Organization. The Journal of Media Economics 8(2), pp.61-76. Chyi, H. & Lasorsa, D. L. (2002). An Explorative Study on the Market Relation Between Online and Print Newspapers. The Journal of Media Economics 15(2), pp. 91-106. Albarran, A. B. (1996). Media Economics: Understanding Markets, Industries and Concepts. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. Chapter 3 & 4, pp. 26-57. Young, D. T. (2000). Modeling Media Markets: How Important is Market Structure? The Journal of Media Economics 13(1), pp. 27-44. Ramstad, G. O. (1997). A Model for Structural Analysis of the Media Market. The Journal of Media Economics 10(3), pp.45-50. 4/18: Demand and Supply. *Hoskins, C. et al., (2004). Media Economics: Applying Economics to New and Traditional Media. London: Sage. Chapter 2 & 3, pp. 17-57. *Picard, R. G. (1989). Media Economics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Chapter 3 & 4, pp.35-72. Chyi, H. (2005). Willingness to Pay for Online News: An Empirical Study on the Viability of the Subscription Model. The Journal of Media Economics 18(2), pp.131-142. Becker, J. U. & Clement, M. (2006). Dynamics of Illegal Participation in Peer-to-Peer Networks—Why Do People Illegally Share Media Files? The Journal of Media Economics 19(1), pp.7-32. Atkin, D. J. et al., (2003). Predictors of Audience Interest in Adopting Digital Television. The Journal of Media Economics 16(3), pp.159-173. Kelly, R. E. & Lewis, P. (2001). Household Demand for Internet Connection. The Journal of Media Economics 14(4), pp.249-265. Wheatley, J. J. (1999). World Telecommunications Economics. London: IEE. Chapter 4: The Structure of Demand. Pp.87-110. Wheatley, J. J. (1999). World Telecommunications Economics. London: IEE. Chapter 5: The Economics of Supply. Pp.111-127. Dupagne, M. (1997). Beyond the Principle of Relative Constancy: Determinants of Consumer Mass Media Expenditures in Belgium. The Journal of Media Economics 10(2), pp.3-19. Demers, D. P.(1994). Relative Constancy Hypothesis, Structural Pluralism, and National Advertising Expenditure. The Journal of Media Economics 7(4), pp.31-48. 4/25: Consumption and Production. *Hoskins, C. et al., (2004). Media Economics: Applying Economics to New and Traditional Media. London: Sage. Chapter 4, pp. 59-83. *Owen, B. M. & Wildman, S. S. (1992). Video Economics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Chapter 2-4, pp. 26-38/64-88/101-119. Waterman, D. (2006). The Economics of Media Programming. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.387-416). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Bae, H. S. (1999). Product Differentiation in Cable Programming: The Case in the Cable National All-News Networks. The Journal of Media Economics 12(4), 265-277. Bates, B. J. & Albright, K. S. (2006). Issues in Network/Distribution Economics. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.417-443). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Kim, E. M. (1997). Determining the Number of Programming Options in Cable Television. The Journal of Media Economics 10(4), 23-37. Swann P. & Tavakoli, M. (1994). An Econometric Analysis of Television Viewing and the Welfare Economics of Introducing an Additional Channel in the UK. Information Economics and Policy 6:25-51. Wicks, J. L. (1997). Which Factors Primarily Influence the Number of Infomercial Hours a Commercial Television Station Airs? The Journal of Media Economics 10(1), pp. 29-38. 5/02: Pricing. *Hoskins, C. et al., (2004). Media Economics: Applying Economics to New and Traditional Media. London: Sage. Chapter 10, pp. 215-246. *Wheatley, J. J. (1999). World Telecommunications Economics. London: IEE. Chapter 9: Telecommunications Service Prices. Pp.211-240. Bel, G. et. al., (2007). Access Pricing to a Digital Broadcasting Platform. The Journal of Media Economics 20(1), pp.29-53. Smith, K. & Wiltse, E. (2005). Rate-Setting Procedures for Preprint Advertising at Nondaily Newspapers. The Journal of Media Economics 18(1), pp.55-66. MacKie-Mason, J. K. et. al., (2000). Pricing and Bundling Electronic Information Goods: Evidence from the Field. In I. Vogelsang & B. M. Compaine (eds.), The Internet Upheaval: Raising Questions, Seeking Answers in Communications Policy (pp.277-305). Cambridge: MA: MIT Press. Maxwell, S. (2003). The Effects of Differential Textbook Pricing: Online Versus In-Store. The Journal of Media Economics, 16(2), pp.87-96. Strouse, K. G. (1999). Marketing Telecommunications Services: New Approach for a Changing Environment. Boston, MA: Artech House. Chapter 11: Pricing and Chapter 12: Bundling. Pp.185-215. Wenders, J. T. (1987). The Economics of Telecommunications: Theory and Policy. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company. Chapter 4: The Optimal Pricing of Telephone Service. pp.63-92. Van Kranenburg, H. L. (2001). Economic Effects of Consolidations of Publishers and Newspapers in the Netherland. The Journal of Media Economics 14(2), pp.61-76. Koschat, M. A. & Putsis, Jr. W. (2000). Who Wants You When You're Old and Poor? Exploring the Economics of Media Pricing. The Journal of Media Economics 13(4), pp.215-232. Clark, D. D. (1997). Internet Cost Allocation and Pricing. In L. W. McKnight and J. P. Bailey (eds.), Internet Economics (pp.215-252). Cambridge: The MIT Press. MacKie-Mason, J. K. & Varian, H. R. (1995). Pricing the Internet. In B. Kahin & J. Keller, (eds.), Public Access to the Internet (pp.269-314). Cambridge: MA: MIT Press. Gabel, D. & Kennet, M. D. (1993). Pricing of Telecommunications Services. Review of Industrial Organization 8(1), pp. 1- 47. 5/09: Competition. *Dimmick, J. (2006). Media Competition and Level of Analysis. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.345-362). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. * Picard, R. G. (1989). Media Economics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Chapter 5. Sohn, S. (2005). Interindustry and Intraindustry Competition in Satellite Broadcasting: A Comparative Case Study on the United States, Japan, England, and France. The Journal of Media Economics 18(3), pp.167-182. Dimmick, J. et al., (2004). Competition Between the Internet and Traditional News Media: The Gratification-Opportunities Niche Dimension. The Journal of Media Economics 17(1), pp.19-33. Picard, R. G. (2002). The Economics and Financing of Media Companies. New York: Fordham University Press. Chapter 7, pp.139-153. Lacy, S. et al., (2002). Competition for Readers Among U. S. Metropolitan Daily, Nonmetropolitan Daily, and Weekly Newspaper. The Journal of Media Economics 15(1), pp.21-40. Chan-Olmsted, S. M. & Li, C. C. (2002). Strategic Competition in the Multichannel Video Programming Market: An Intraindustry Strategic Group Study of Cable Programming Networks. The Journal of Media Economics 15(3), pp.153-174. Bridges, J. A. et al., (2002). Rosse's Model Revisited: Moving to Concentric Circles to Explain Newspaper Competition. The Journal of Media Economics 15(1), pp. 3-19. Van der Wurff, R. & van Cuilenburg, J. (2001). Impact of Moderate and Ruinous Competition on Diversity: The Dutch Television Market. The Journal of Media Economics 14(4), pp.213-229. Dimmick, J. & McDonald, D. G. (2001). Network Radio Oligopoly, 1926-1956: Rivalrous Imitation and Program Diversity. The Journal of Media Economics 14(4), pp. 197-212. Shaw, J. K. (2001). Telecommunications Deregulation and the Information Economy. 2nd edition. Boston: Artech. Chapter 3: Market Structure and Competitive Behavior. pp. 51-66. Chan-Olmsted, S. M. (1997). Theorizing Multichannel Media Economics: An Exploration of a Group-Industry Strategic Competition Model. The Journal of Media Economics 10(1), pp.39-49. 5/16: Globalization. (Final Paper Proposal Due) *Sanchez-Tabernero, A. (2006). Issues in Media Globalization. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.463-491). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Chan-Olmsted, S. M. & Chang, B. H. (2003). Diversification Strategy of Global Media Conglomerates: Examining Its Patterns and Determinants. The Journal of Media Economics 16(4), pp.213-233. Jung, J. (2004). Acquisitions or Joint Ventures: Foreign Market Entry Strategy of U.S. Advertising Agencies. The Journal of Media Economics 17(1), pp.35-50. Shrikhande, S. (2001). Competitive Strategies in the Internationalization of Television: CNNI and BBC World in Asia. The Journal of Media Economics 14(3), pp.147-168. Chyi, H. & Sylvie, G. (2001). The Medium is Global, the Content is Not: The Role of Geography in Online Newspaper Market. The Journal of Media Economics 14(4), 231-248. Stephan, M. (2005). Diversification Strategy of Global Media Conglomerates: A Comment. The Journal of Media Economics 18(2), pp.85-103. Greco, A. N. (1999). The Impact of Horizontal Mergers and Acquisitions on Corporate Concentration in the U.S. Book Publishing Industry: 1989-1994. The Journal of Media Economics 12(3), pp.165-180. Compaine, B. M. (2000). Media Mergers, Divestitures, and the Internet: Is It Time for a New Model for Interpreting Competition? In I. Vogelsang & B. M. Compaine, (eds.), The Internet Upheaval: Raising Questions, Seeking Answers in Communications Policy (pp.199-229). Cambridge: MA: MIT Press. Compaine, B. M. & Gomery, D. (2000). Who Own the Media?: Competition and Concentration in the Mass Media Industry. Mahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Chapter 10: Distinguishing Between Concentration and Competition. pp.537-581. Chen, P. H. (2002). Who Own Cable Television? Media Ownership Concentration in Taiwan. The Journal of Media Economics 15(1), pp.41-55. Albarran, A. B. & Dimmick, J. (1996). Concentration and Economics of Multiformity in the Communication Industries. The Journal of Media Economics 9(4), pp. 41-50. 5/23: Financing and Valuation. *Picard, R. G. (2002). The Economics and Financing of Media Companies. New York: Fordham University Press. Chapter 8 & 9, pp.154-187. *Ozanich, G. W. (2006). Media Finance and Valuation. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.601-621). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. McGuire, M. (2003). Wall Street Made Me Do It: A Preliminary Analysis of the Major Institutional Investors in U.S. Newspaper Companies. The Journal of Media Economics 16(4), pp.253-264. Miller, I. R. (1997). Models for Determining the Economic Value of Cable Television Systems. The Journal of Media Economics 10(2), pp.21-33. Vogel, H. L. (2004). Entertainment Industry Economics: A Guide for Financial Analysis. Sixth Edition. London: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 4: Financial Accounting in Movie and Television. Pp. 132-190. Ludwig, J. (2000). The Essential Economic Problem of the Media: Working Between Market Failure and Cross-Financing. The Journal of Media Economics 13(3), pp.187-200. Wylleman, E. (1992). The Financing of Telecommunications Infrastructure. Telecommunications Policy 16(9), pp.744-748. 5/30: Performance. *Picard, R. G. (2002). The Economics and Financing of Media Companies. New York: Fordham University Press. Chapter 12, pp.230-249. *Koboldt, C. et. al., (1999). The Implications of Funding for Broadcasting Output. In A. Graham, et al., (eds.), Public Purposes in Broadcasting: Funding the BBC (pp.47-72). London: University of Luton Press. An, S. et. al.(2006). Ownership Structure of Publicly Traded Newspaper Companies and their Financial Performance. The Journal of Media Economics, 19:2, pp.119-136. Jung, J. & Chan-Olmsted, S. M. (2005). Impact of Media Conglomerates’ Dual Diversification on Financial Performance. The Journal of Media Economics 18(3), pp.183-202. Picard, R. G. (1989). Media Economics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Chapter 6. Wheatley, J. J. (1999). World Telecommunications Economics. London: IEE. Chapter 15 : Performance Measures. pp.339-371. Noam. E. (1994). The Three Stages of Network Evolution. In E. M. Noam et al., (eds.), Telecommunications in the Pacific Basin (pp.17-31). Oxford: The Oxford University Press. 6/06: State and Market. *Hoskins, C. et al., (2004). Media Economics: Applying Economics to New and Traditional Media. London: Sage. Chapter 13, pp. 287-309. *Picard, R. G. (1989). Media Economics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Chapter 7. Cherry, B. A. (2006). Regulatory and Political Influences on Media Management and Economics. In A. B. Albarran, et al., (eds.), Handbook of Media Management and Economics (pp.91-111). Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Schejter, A. and Lee S. (2007). The Evolution of Cable Regulatory Policies and Their Impact: A Comparison of South Korea and Israel. The Journal of Media Economics 20(1), pp.1-28. Wheatley, J. J. (1999). World Telecommunications Economics. London: IEE. Chapter 12: Telecommunications Policy and Regulation & Chapter 13: Practical Problems with Regulation. pp.267-317. Barrett, M. (2005). The FCC’s Media Ownership Rules and the Implications for the Network-Affiliate Relation. The Journal of Media Economics 18(1), pp.1-19. Gershon, R. A. & Egen, B. M. (1999). Retransmission Consent, Cable Franchising, and Market Failure: A Case Study Analysis of WOOD-TV 8 Versus Cablevision of Michigan. The Journal of Media Economics 12(3), pp.201-224. Bolter, W. G. et al., (1990). Telecommunications Policy for the 1990s and Beyond. New York: Sharpe. Chapter II (Part E F G H). pp.29-62. Bates, B. & Chambers, T. (1999). The Economics Basis for Radio Deregulation. The Journal of Media Economics 12(1), pp.19-34. Corn-Revere, R & Carveth, R. (2004). Economics and Media Regulation. In A. Alexander et al., (Eds.), Media Economics: Theory and Practice (pp.49-68). 3rd Edition. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA. Chambers, T. (2003). Structural Changes in Small Media Markets. The Journal of Media Economics 16(1), pp.41-59. Einstein, M. (2004). The Financial Interest and Syndication Rules and Changes in Program Diversity. The Journal of Media Economics 17(1), pp.1-18. Uri, N. D. (2003). The Impact of Incentive Regulation on Service Quality in Telecommunications in the United States. The Journal of Media Economics 16(4), pp.265-280. Burkart, p. (2005). Competition’s Eclipse: Brazilian Wireless Telephony. The Journal of Media Economics 18(3), pp.204-214. Kennet, D. M. & Uri, N. D. (2001). Measuring Productivity Change for Regulatory Purpose. The Journal of Media Economics 14(2), pp.87-104. Hoag, A. M. (2002). Measuring Regulatory Effects with Stock Market Evidence: Cable Stocks and the Cable Communications Policy Law of 1984. The Journal of Media Economics 15(4), pp.259-272. Drushel, B. E. (1998). The Telecommunications Act of 1996 and Radio Market Structure. The Journal of Media Economics 11(3), pp.3-20. Wilson, K. (1992). Deregulating Telecommunications and the Problem of Natural Monopoly: A Critique of Economics in Telecommunications Policy. Media Culture & Society 14(3), pp.343-368. 6/13: Trade. *Hoskins, C. et al., (2004). Media Economics: Applying Economics to New and Traditional Media. London: Sage. Chapter 14, pp. 311-329. *Picard, R. G. (2002). The Economics and Financing of Media Companies. New York: Fordham University Press. Chapter 11, pp.212-229. Hoskins, C. et al., (1997). Global Television and Film: An Introduction to the Economics of the Business. Oxford: The Oxford University Press. Chapter 2-4, pp. 9-50. Wildman, S. S. & Siwek, S. E. (1993). The Economics of Trade in Recorded Media Products in a Multilingual World: Implications for National Policies. In E. M. Noam & J. C. Millonzi (eds.), The International Market in Film and Television Programs. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex. Wheatley, J. J. (1999). World Telecommunications Economics. London: IEE. Chapter 17: International Telecommunications. Pp.389-416. Oh, J. (2001). International Trade in Film and the Self-Sufficiency Ratio. The Journal of Media Economics 14(1), pp. 31-44. Jayakar, K. P. & Waterman, D. (2000). The Economics of American Theartrical Movie Exports: An Empirical Analysis. The Journal of Media Economics 13(3), pp. 153-169. 6/20: Labor. *Hoskins, C. et. al., (2004). Media Economics: Applying Economics to New and Traditional Media. London: Sage. Chapter 12, pp. 261-285. *Picard, R. G. (1989). Media Economics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Chapter 8. Kollock, P. (1999). The Economics of Online Cooperation: Gifts and Public Goods in Cyberspace. In M. A. Smith and P. Kollock (eds.), Communities in Cyberspace (pp.220-239). London: Routledge. Condra, J. (2005). An Investigation of Factors Affecting the Education and Recruitment of Entry-Level Broadcasting Salespeople. The Journal of Media Economics 18(3), pp.215-231. Katz, L. F. (2000). Technological Change, Computerization, and the Wage Structure. In E. Brynjolfsson and B. Hahin (eds.), Understanding the Digital Economy: Data, Tools, and Research (pp.217-244). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Dutton, W. H. (1999). Society on the Line. Oxford: The Oxford University Press. Chapter 6: Redesigning the Workplace: Challenging Geographical and Cultural Constraints on Access. Dordick, H. S. & Wang, G. (1993). The Information Society. Chapter 6, pp. 86-104. Mosco, V. (1989). Labor in Communication Industries. In B. Dervin et al., (eds.), Rethinking Communication, Vol. II: Paradigm Examplars (pp.213-225.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 6/27: Final Paper Due. Reference Books: Albarran, A. B. et al., (eds.). (2006). Handbook of Media Management and Economics. Nahwah, New Jersey: LEA. Alexander, A. et al. (eds.). (2004). Media Economics: Theory and Practice. 3rd Edition. Hillsdale, N.J.: LEA. Doyle, G. (2002). Understanding Media Economics. London: Sage. *Hoskins, C. et al., (2004). Media Economics: Applying Economics to New and Traditional Media. London: Sage. *Picard, R. G. (1989). Media Economics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Picard, R. G. (2002). The Economics and Financing of Media Companies. New York: Fordham University Press. Wheatley, J. J. (1999). World Telecommunications Economics. London: IEE. --

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