作者jonathan8907 (skrillex)
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标题[情报/知识]为何有些人会「不兽控制」?
时间Sat Mar 19 19:52:42 2022
为何有些人会「不兽控制」?——探讨兽迷的演化心理学意义
https://pansci.asia/archives/327840
根据生物多样性之父 Wilson 的亲生命假说(biophilia hypothesis)[71],人类一直有
着亲近动物的本能,且也有研究指出即使在人类幼儿时期就已反应出这种倾向[18, 38,
49],至於为什麽动物对人类构成如此诱人的刺激,目前尚未完全阐明。
与物体相比,生物的确更能吸引人的注意力,据推测这种反应背後的演化学原因,可能源
自於关注其他生物之於个体适合度(fitnesss)的重要性[48, 50]。
虽然还未有准确的定义,但兽迷/兽控(furries)被广泛认为是一群喜欢拟人化[注1]动
物(anthropomorphic animals)或拟兽化(zoomorphic)的人类与非生物创作的粉丝,
而兽圈(furry fandom / furry community)就是由这些粉丝所组成的社群[23, 58, 61]
。许多关於兽文化(furry culture)的学术文章都在讨论兽迷族群内的自我认同、社交
情况或是兽圈污名化等议题[23, 29, 45, 60, 61, 62],甚少提及喜欢拟人化动物这类行
为的成因。这回,我们将用文献回顾的方式,带大家厘清兽迷背後可能会涉及到的演化心
理学机制。
一、可爱是什麽?
有没有想过为什麽比起养小孩,人们越来越偏好於养猫猫狗狗这些宠物?而拟人化动物的
卡通形象更是充斥着各类媒体与商品中,他们究竟是拥有怎样独特魅力?
1. 可爱就是正义?可爱与生物生存的关系
一个生物之所以会拥有「可爱」的特徵,其目的不外乎是促进其亲本或其他生物个体对自
己的保护行为及降低被伤害的可能性[1, 15, 24, 51, 66]。在幼年时完全依靠照料者的
维持和保护的物种中,这种反应具有明显的适合度价值,有助於增加後代的生存机会[39]
,并帮助母亲专注於新生儿和依恋调节[67]。
2.可爱吸引人的原因——幼态延续现象
虽然兽迷常被描述成喜欢拟人化动物的族群,但一定程度上,某些现实物种早已经被我们
当成是拟人化动物了,例如最常见的宠物物种(即狗和猫等),同时具有形态与行为上的
人类婴儿特徵,因此,可爱某方面也与拟人化脱不了关系。
幼年期的可爱特徵保留至成年期被认为是的驯化副产品[10, 14, 21],而这个过程称为幼
态延续现象(neoteny),它被认为是由於人类对非攻击性行为的有意识或无意识的选育
所造成的[10]。
而据推测,终生幼年特徵(长不大或是婴儿脸)的存在可能是构成我们对动物特别是宠物
的吸引力的基础[3, 13]。
3.可爱的标准——婴儿图式
那有没有一种标准样貌,是所有物种都认为可爱的呢?答案是有的!
婴儿图式(kindchenschema)由动物行为学家 Lorenz 首次提出[39],是指一组常见於人
类和动物婴儿的面部特徵(如大头和圆脸、额头高且突出、大眼睛和小鼻子和嘴巴),在
动物行为学中,这种特定的特徵配置被描述为一种能够触发用於照顾和对婴儿情感定向的
先天释放机制,并且在神经生理学上藉由神经成像也证明了其在促进人类养育行为中的作
用[25]。
虽然 Lorenz 表示婴儿图式反应不仅限於人类[39],但几乎目前所有的研究及调查都还是
在探讨人类对於人类或其他动物的婴儿图式反应[4, 36, 37, 66],果然可爱的标准似乎
还满主观的,最终就算是只是对於动物的关注也难以逃离人类中心主义的影响[30]。
4.只要可爱,无论真假都可以
前面讨论了关於人们喜欢可爱生物的理论,但这距离解释兽迷为什麽喜欢兽图还有一段距
离,毕竟前面讨论的,多半是指自然状态下的生物,而非人为加工後的兽图。为了能更好
解释兽控对兽图的喜爱,我们可以用超常刺激(supernormal stimuli)的概念,来解释
自然生物与人造物的效果差异。
超常刺激首次由动物行为学家 Tinbergen 所提出[68],是指能够引发生物产生出比自然
状态下更强烈回馈的一种刺激,而这种刺激多为人为制造,其中提到蛎鹬(
Oystercatcher)、鸣禽(Songbird)及灰雁(Greylag goose)等鸟类都有偏好去孵育比
起自己更大更醒目的假蛋的现象。参照 Barrett 所提到的[6, 7],超常刺激的型式与载
体其实是非常多元的,而其中仅次於「性」的「可爱」,就是最常被各类媒体与商业利用
的元素,虽然其文中未提及原因,但可爱确实往往与非人动物连结在一起,而根据许多文
献,人类的确会倾向於偏爱他们认为主观上具有吸引力或可爱的真实或非真实动物[4,
26, 28, 34, 72]。
5.「人类喜欢拟人化动物」与「人类喜欢动物」要怎麽类比?
Barrett 表示在人类的日常生活中充斥各种超常刺激[7],例如:垃圾食物、电玩、电视
、色情创作及网路等,除此以外 Barrett 举出一款叫做 Cow Clickers 的社群游戏做例
子,里面就有各式各样拥有超出常态可爱特徵的卡通乳牛,并且认为这类超常刺激有足够
魅力去吸引人们去游玩,以及拥有悠久历史的泰迪熊玩偶,因为相较於真实物种拥有更大
的前额及更短的鼻口部等婴儿特徵,它们才得以流行至今[6]。综上所述,以兽迷的角度
,拥有上述特徵的拟人化动物,一定程度上也可以被视为一种基於触发亲生命假说里亲近
动物的本能及婴儿图示反应的超常刺激,那麽「人类喜欢拟人化动物」与「人类喜欢动物
」是具有行为同源性[注2]behavioral homology)的可能性的确是值得被探讨的。
二、 人们对动物的态度
除了可不可爱外,当然还有许多复杂的机制也会影响人类对非人动物的态度,而且耐人寻
味的,在某些方面兽圈里似乎也能看得到人类对其他动物态度的缩影。
1.人类或兽迷喜欢某些物种的前提
根据 Roberts 等人的研究[61],在兽圈这个社群里,成员与动物的连结也存在多样的面
向,他们认为有三大因素:(1)对一个物种的欣赏或好感(2)与此物种有精神或神秘联
系的感觉,以及(3)与这物种的认同感。事实上人类对动物态度的研究的确是一个极其
复杂的问题,它涉及到演化、心理和文化等方面[65]。但是即使不考虑这些,人们对动物
的物种倾向也很大程度上取决於动物本身固有的某些属性,如各种物种的身体和行为特徵
很大程度上地影响着人类对动物的感知,并可以解释道为什麽人们喜欢某些动物或讨厌某
些动物[65]。
2.影响物种偏好差异的因素
看到这里必需承认的是,不管是ㄧ般人或是兽迷,现实上对所有动物的态度不可能都一致
,如 Kellert 提到有许多因素决定了人类对於其他物种的偏好,如自然价值、人文价值
、实用价值、美学价值……等[33]。关於对於某些物种的人类态度和相似性的大量文献表
明,在亲缘关系上与人类接近,或在生理、行为或认知上与人类相似的动物往往是首选,
且因为牠们会对人们产生更多正向的影响,所以牠们在动物福利和保育方面上往往就会获
得更多的关注[8, 28, 34, 44, 56, 69]。相比之下,人类对亲缘关系距离遥远的动物表
现出消极态度(例如:爬虫类、鱼类、无脊椎动物等[11, 32, 57])。类似的现象也反映
在兽迷在兽设[注3](fursona)上面的选择,例如根据Plante等人调查到的样态可以发现
,去除掉非现实物种,相比於亲缘关系较远的爬虫类及昆虫等,有更大比例的兽迷都比较
偏好选择哺乳类(尤其是有长远驯化史的猫科及犬科)做为兽设[53, 54](表1)。
https://reurl.cc/MbQRMm
(表1)各物种在兽迷中做为兽设的比例。
由左至右分别是:混种、狼、狐狸、狗、大型猫、龙、神话生物、猫、其他、囓齿动物、
兔子、浣熊、爬虫类、水獭、鸟类、熊、马、水生动物、鬣狗、臭鼬、有袋动物、恐龙、
鹿、其他猫科、松鼠、雪貂、其他犬科及昆虫 。图/ 参考文献 53
3.其他不同的观点
所以照上面所述,照理来讲特徵越接近人类的物种或虚拟形象会获得人类喜爱,但事实上
并非如此,例如根据恐怖谷理论(uncanny valley)[47],过於拟人化恐怕产生反效果
[46, 64],而其中可能的演化学机制也有很多研究在探讨,例如避免病原体[63]、死亡凸
显性[注4](mortality salience)[41]及面部认知失调[40]等。音乐剧— Cats 就是一
个经典的例子,剧中的角色造型常常被诟病落於恐怖谷中[52]。
Borgi 和 Cirulli 对幼儿园儿童对多种不同动物种类的偏好进行的分析後,确实符合 “
相似性原则”(Similarity Principle)[69],其中显示出儿童对亲缘较近的哺乳类偏好
的确显着大於亲缘较远的无脊椎动物[12](表2)。但在此研究中发现到另一个有趣的例
外,与恐怖谷有异曲同工之妙的是,其中与人亲缘最近的猴子反而显示出非常低的偏好水
准,此外 Gerbasi 也在文中提到[23],在兽圈也有很少人使用非人灵长类做为兽设的现
象。因为事实上人类对於灵长类的负面态度更多会来自於固有的文化、社会及生态等因素
的影响[2, 43],这点身为台湾人的我们也应该感同身受,想想看台湾猕猴与游客居民的
冲突到底有多严重就好。
除此之外,因为型态与行为上与人类相似,在一些文化中猴子常常被象徵着人类的兽性或
劣根性[35],Beatson & Halloran 的研究也发现由死亡凸显性造成的一种相反於相似性
原则的现象,尤其是当人类面对於非人灵长类时[9]。就像有些人或有些团体总是宣称自
己喜欢动物、爱护动物,但是还是会下意识地将动物分门别类,这是本能使然不置可否,
但关乎到公共利益时还是需要多点理性。
https://reurl.cc/5GxM3G
(表2)儿童对各种分类群的偏好程度分度。
X轴:哺乳类、鸟类、两栖爬虫类、无脊椎动物。Y轴:偏好水准。 图/参考文献12
三、结语
虽然「人类喜欢拟人化动物」与「人类喜欢动物」这两种行为的关联性在学术上尚未有具
体的研究,但是人类对於动物的态度本就属於人 – 动物交互作用,涉及演化学、心理学
甚至是动物福利或生物保育学等领域,所以「人类喜欢拟人化动物」也算是种间接的人
– 动物交互作用(human-animal interaction)。虽然在兽迷研究中很少被提到[55],
但是学界对於拟人化为动物福利所带来的利弊一直以来都有讨论,且争议不断[16, 17,
22],总之无论是拟人化或是超常刺激等,究竟对社会带来了什麽影响,这里暂且不会评
断,只希望能理性地讨论人类对动物的态度。
总结来说,人类喜欢拟人化动物是一种复杂的行为模式,除了上述提到的各种理论与概念
,相信还有更多机制参与其中,但这部分就有待学界研究了。就如同性恋行为或更准确的
同性求爱(same-sex courtship),在演化与行为学上的意义已被学界广泛地研究,并且
在诸多物种内都有发现[5, 42, 59],藉由这些科学依据,社会也应该开始常态化地看待
同为少数族群的兽迷。
四、注解
拟人化是一种将人类心理特徵归因於其他个体的自然态度[18]。
一个分类群或物种内,所观察到的行为具有功能上的相似性,并且来自於共同的祖先,例
如人类所有语言都具有行为同源性[70]。
一种代表自己的拟人化动物形象,而且兽设的选择与个人对於物种的偏好具有显着的关联
性[61]。
以所有人类行为都是出於对自己死亡的恐惧为前提,一种人类的心理防御机制,用来抑制
自己不可避免死亡意识所产生的焦虑[27]。
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