CH1 uniformitarianism --the belief that there are inviolable lows of nature that have not change in the course of time. actualism --the present as the key to the past --the application of these analyses to ancient rocks, in accordance with the principle of uniformitarianism. mineral --an inorganic element or compound that is characterized by its chemical composition and by its internal structure. rock --aggregate of mineral grains igneous rock --form by the cooling of magma sediment rock --layered rock that accumulate under the influnce of gravity metamorphic --form by the alteration of preexsting rocks at high pressure and temperature rock cycle --the endless pathway along whitch rocks of various kinds change into rocks of other kinds Steno's three laws for sediment rock --principle of superposition principle of original horizontality principle of lateral continuity lithosphere <--> asthenosphere crust <--> mantle 1.Give general examples of the use of actualisms to interpret ancient rocks. 随意 2.In which of the three basic kinds of rocks do nearly all fossils occur? Why? sedimentary rock, 只有在此处化石得以保存 3.What is metamorphism? 因地壳深处环境条件变化,使得岩石的组成成分和结构发生改变. 4.Where is lithosphere formed along plate boundaries, and where does it disappear into the asthenosphere? 中洋脊, 海沟(隐没带) 5.What is isostasy and how does it explain why mountains have roots? 均衡补偿,指地球表面由於侵蚀或沉积作用导致物质侧向运移,被地壳下层的侧向 运动所补偿的过程. p.16 6.What kinds of features distiguish one system of geologic time form another? 化石...etc. 7.Name three kinds of unconformitits. How does each type form? angular unconformity ; disconformity ; nonconformity p.11 8.Describe three kinds of relationships between two bodies of rock that indicate whitch of two bodies is the younger one. mudcracks ; ripple mark ; cross beding 9.How do sedimentary rocks relate to igneous and metamorphic rocks in the rock cycle? p.8 --

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