※ 引述《void ( bubble)》之铭言： : 2654 2665篇 : 我都已经上色 一再强调 : 就是有人文章都不看完吗 : 老实说 种族歧视干我屁事 原来"我认为"黑人爆发力强也可以扯到种族歧视... Babel K. Hertogh C. Hue O. Influence of ethnic origin on predictive parameters of performance in sprint running in prepubertal boys. [Journal Article] International Journal of Sports Medicine. 26(9):798-802, 2005 Nov. UI: 16237627 Authors Full Name Babel, K. Hertogh, C. Hue, O. 这篇可以去找来看看...? 以下是Abstract: Afro-American and Caribbean athletes have long dominated sprint running, although the reasons for their disproportionate success remain unclear. The studies of sprinting ability in blacks versus whites have shown contradictory results. This study compared the anthropometric measurements and the physical test results (vertical jump and sprint) of Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean prepubertal boys. Seventeen healthy untrained prepubertal boys, 8 Caucasians and 9 Afro-Caribbeans (11.49 +/- 0.74 years) performed vertical jump tests (a countermovement jump according to the Sargent method, using Abalakov material) and short sprints (30 m). Age, height, weight, and fat mass percentage were also recorded. The sprints were filmed to determine the number of strides over the 30 m. No significant difference was noted for sprint performance between the Caucasians and Afro-Caribbeans (respectively, 5.59 seconds +/- 0.44 vs. 5.51 s +/- 0.50). The predictors of sprint performance differed between the two groups: the vertical jump test was the main predictor for the Caucasian group, whereas the stride number/height ratio was the main predictor for the Afro-Caribbean group. This last group had better ratio (0.14 +/- 0.15 vs. 0.16 +/- 0.02, p < 0.05) and better jump test results (36.77 cm +/- 2.90 vs. 31.12 cm +/- 4.76, p < 005). The prepubertal Afro-Caribbeans seemed to be endowed to run faster but they did not. We hypothesize that they were unable to use their greater leg strength to develop an optimal stride. Further study is needed to investigate what occurs at other maturational stages. Sekiya T. Sakate T. The effects of race, living standards, and exercise on the degree of motor development: comparison between schoolchildren in the Republic of Honduras and Japan. [Journal Article] Applied Human Science. 15(5):211-8, 1996 Sep. UI: 8979402 Authors Full Name Sekiya, T. Sakate, T. 以下是abstract,(这篇ovid中有fulltext): To investigate the development of motor ability according to age and physique, a comparison was made among races and/or living standards of schoolchildren in Republic of Honduras, and between Honduran and Japanese schoolchildren. Based on the results of these comparisons, the extent to which exercise contributes to the development of motor ability was examined. Subjects were schoolchildren of typical three races in Honduras: Negroid, Mongoloid (native Indio), and mixed race (Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid), who attended public elementary schools. For a further comparison, schoolchildren of mixed race attending private schools, whose living standards are thought to be different from children attending public schools, were also selected. Comparing physique among races from the measurement values in the test battery, Negroid group ranked highest followed by the mixed race group and Mongoloid group. The results for the comparison of motor ability were also in the same order. From the viewpoint of living standards, the physique and motor ability of the private school children, who were from wealthy families, was better than that of the public school children. However, when the degrees of motor development were compared using revised values based on age and physique, the differences among groups became smaller, and there was no significant difference between groups in the 50-meter dash or in the standing long jump. However, a comparison with Japanese schoolchildren showed that, even if there was no difference in physique, Japanese schoolchildren were still superior in motor ability. These results suggest that differences in the degree of motor development are mainly due to differences in exercise experience. Malina RM. Racial/ethnic variation in the motor development and performance of American children. [Review] [91 refs] [Journal Article. Review] Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences. 13(2):136-43, 1988 Jun. UI: 3293732 Authors Full Name Malina, R M. 以下是Abstract: The literature on the motor development and performance of American children from several racial and ethnic groups is reviewed. The evidence suggests that Black infants are advanced in motor development during the first two years of life, and that Black children of school age, particularly boys, perform consistently better than White and Mexican-American children in running speed (dashes) and the vertical jump, with somewhat less consistent results for the standing long jump and softball throw for distance. In contrast, differences in the motor development and performance of Mexican-American and White children are generally inconsistent and slight. Environmental factors are most often cited as underlying racial or ethnic variation, but have not been systematically investigated. A biocultural approach is essential if an understanding of racial and ethnic variation in motor performance is to be attained. [References: 91] Marino FE. Lambert MI. Noakes TD. Superior performance of African runners in warm humid but not in cool environmental conditions. [Journal Article] Journal of Applied Physiology. 96(1):124-30, 2004 Jan. UI: 12949014 Authors Full Name Marino, Frank E. Lambert, Mike I. Noakes, Timothy D. 这篇的篇名基本上就已说明了内容，我想就不用贴Abstract了 Rahmani A. Locatelli E. Lacour JR. Differences in morphology and force/velocity relationship between Senegalese and Italian sprinters. [Clinical Trial. Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal Article] European Journal of Applied Physiology. 91(4):399-405, 2004 Apr. UI: 14618332 Authors Full Name Rahmani, Abderrehmane. Locatelli, Elio. Lacour, Jean-Rene. 这篇ovid中有Full Text。 Abstract: In order to investigate whether the supremacy of African sprinters is related to the leg extensor force/velocity relationship or to leg morphology, two groups of elite sprinters originating respectively from Senegal (S) and Italy (I) were compared in this respect. The groups included 13 S and 15 I male sprinters. Their mean best performances over 100 m during the preceding track and field season were 10.66 (0.3) and 10.61 (0.3) s (NS), respectively. Age, height and mass were similar in the two groups. The force/velocity relationship of the leg extensors was assessed during maximal half-squats on a guided horizontal barbell with masses of 20-140 kg added on the shoulders. Leg morphology was assessed by relating the sub-ischial length to the standing height (L/H) and by measuring the inertia in the vertical (IZ in kg.cm2), antero-posterior (IY, kg.cm2) and medio-lateral (IX, kg.m2) planes. The two groups developed non-different force and power when lifting the heaviest loads. Inversely, the lighter the load, the lower the force and power developed by S, as compared to I (P<0.001). S demonstrated greater L/H (P<0.001), and 26% lower IZ (P<0.01), 15% lower IY (P=0.09), and 14% lower IX (P=0.10). These results suggest that S and I sprinters were similar as regards the muscle abilities involved in slow maximal contractions. However, S demonstrated lower values in muscle abilities related to high-speed contractions, suggesting that S sprinters had a lower percentage of fast twitch fibres. This is likely to be compensated for by the lower level of internal work due to longer and lighter legs. 其他还有一些文章，不过我最近时间有点窘迫... void先生如果有兴趣的话可以自己搜索看看... 这些文章我都是在ovid的medline里面找到的... (医图有买ovid的medline,既然void先生是台大的学生，那就可以免费使用......) --

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