G: Google How do people come to know that there is an encyclopedia? In previous times, people (maybe) learned at school that there exist encyclopedias, what they are good for and where to find them. The publishers on their hand tried to reach as many people and also convince them to buy an encyclopedia. 人们是如何知道那儿有一部百科全书? 在从前的时代，人们(也许)从学校学得百科全书位於何处，人们知道百科的益处并了解如 何找到百科全书。出版商试图让尽可能更多的人接触到百科，并说服人们去败。 How appalling that this is totally history by now, because of two internet giants which rose at the eve of the new millennium. Nowadays, pupils (and adults alike) open their web browser and often find Google pre-installed as the start page. When they ‘google’ for something, a Wikipedia article is almost always among the first five search hits. It is absolutely unnecessary that a teacher tells them ‘where to find the encyclopedia’. [1] 今日来看，这段历史有了令人惊异的发展，肇因於网际网路的两大巨头在千禧年蓬勃发展 。今日，人们开启网路浏览器并时常将谷歌设作首页。当人们 google 搜寻某字时，维基 百科的条目几乎总位在搜寻结果的前五条。 已全然不需要老师告诉他：如何能够找到百 科全书。 Andrew Lih in The Wikipedia Revolution recalls a case from April 2004, when antisemites had manipulated Google in a way that searches for ‘jew’ produced an antisemitic site at the top of the search. A site appears at the top if many other sites link to it. So internet activists asked people to link to another site, to beat the antisemites with their own weapon. The suitable site was Wikipedia because of its neutral point of view. [2] Also Wikipedia itself became a victim of Google manipulation. It is legal and even legitimate to create a new site and use Wikipedia content there, so some people created Wikipedia ‘clones’ with adverts. Normally nobody would have looked at these clones, but some clone owners were capable enough to manipulate the Google search. Around 2005 there was a period when it was difficult to find the Wikipedia article among all those clones; after Google improved its PageRank, this problem became history too. 维基百科自身也成为谷歌操纵的受害者。 运用维基百科的内容创造一个新网站，是完全 合法的，因此一些人建立了维基百科拷贝并挂上了广告。通常没有人要看那些拷贝版，但 是拷贝版的拥有者有能力操纵 Google 搜寻结果。大约在2005年，已经很难在拷贝版之中 找到维基百科文章；之後 Google 改善了 PageRank，这个问题已经成为历史。 Some people even speak about a symbiosis between Google and Wikipedia, although it is not clear what the benefit for Google would be. On the contrary, Google is unhappy about the fact that for about one-third of the search hits go to Wikipedia articles – meaning, pages without (Google) adverts. So Google came up in 2008 with a knowledge platform of its own, Google Knol. 有人认为 Google 与维基百科是共生关系，虽然尚未厘清Google将从何获取利益。相反的 ，Google 对於有三分之一的搜寻点击是前往维基百科而感到不悦，意味着那些页面没有广 告。因此，Google在2008年自行成立了知识平台，Google Knol。 The media liked to present Knol as a Wikipedia killer that wants to avoid the flaws of Wikipedia. Knol wishes people to write under their real name, that they can own an article, are not bound to encyclopedic rules, and can make money per page views. 媒体喜欢将 Knol 形容是一个维基百科杀手，说它要想避免维基百科的缺失。Knol 期望 人们以实名写作，作者能够拥有文章， 且不一定要遵循百科全书的原则，甚至能够从阅 览人次赚钱。 Of course, Knol came into existence when there was already a strong competitor (Wikipedia) on the market. But the main reason for the very limited success of Knol is more inherent: Knol is just another one of many places for single authors to publish, without control by anyone. Nobody at Google checks whether the authors really are the experts and professors they claim to be. 想当然尔，Knol诞生後立即就在市场上面临了维基百科这个强大的竞争者。但是 Knol 受限的成就肇因於 Knol只是另一个各别作者发布文章的地方，一个不由任一网民 所控制的地方。没有人帮 Google 验证在 Knol 上宣称自己是专家或教授的人，其身分是 否为真。 Anyhow, the intimate relationship between Google and Wikipedia will probably remain for a long time. A friend of mine once explained to me how he proceeds on the web. The retired archivist googles, and usually comes to Wikipedia, and then reads the article and maybe clicks on an internal link. And when he wants to look-up something else, he does not use the Wikipedia search (of which he doesn’t know at all) – he clicks the home button of his web browser and googles again. 无论如何，Google 与维基百科的亲密关系将会再延续好一段时间。 ....................。当他想要寻找另一项东西，他不使用维基百科的搜寻功能(他根 本不晓得)- 他按下网路浏览器上的首页按钮，并且再 google一次。 —- Previously: A as in Advertisement, B as in Balance, C as in Cooperations, D as in Deletions,E as in Encyclopedia, F as in Free —- [1] Andrew Lih: The Wikipedia Revolution, Hyperion books, 2009, p. 115. [2] Andrew Lih: The Wikipedia Revolution, Hyperion books, 2009, p. 115, pp. 202-204. --

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