关於日本狙击手的战术，其实非常的单调不变，总结地来说可以归纳成以下三个重点： 1.把自己伪装起来。 2.躲在树上。 3.找机会等军官、士官之类高价值目标靠近毙了他。 日本这边自己的资料主要都是讨论狙击枪本身，但是却对於日本运用狙击手的实际战术很 少着墨。其中最主要的原因是，日本狙击手基本上是种消耗品，他们的生还率极其之低， 通常在极近距离开火而且接下来的下场就是被美军集火打成蜂窝。 显然地，由於狙击手未经过良好的射後转移训练，使得日本狙击手陷入一种没有办法累积 经验、没有人活着回去总结教训、所以战术也就永远不会进步的窘态。 对於日本狙击手的作战纪录，反倒是作为其对手的美国人比较重视、也作了更详尽的战报 分析研究。我们来听听日本人的对手是怎麽说的吧。 1942年8月27日，美国陆军汇证了菲律宾沦陷前守军对日本部队的战斗报告书： The Japanese soldiers were fairly young, their average age being about 22 to 23, although the best troops were about 25, many of whom had had experience in China. 这批日本兵非常年轻，他们大多介於22~23岁，战斗力最好的是25岁左右年纪。他们大多 数都有在中国实战的经验。 As in every other campaign in the Far East, the principal tactics used by the Japanese centered on their ability to infiltrate. The actual infiltrations were usually carried out at night. The Japanese would work their way forward in small parties through gaps, around flanks, and even through the front lines. They would remain quiet during the following day, and on the next night more troops would infiltrate the American position until there was a sufficiently strong force actually in or behind the American lines to launch a small attack. In these infiltration tactics the Japanese were capitalizing on the initiative and "fanaticism" of the individual soldier. 在远东战场上，日军最主流的战术思想是渗透战法。日军通常挑选夜间渗透我们，并且会 试图分散成小集团绕过我们的侧翼、甚至溜进战线之间。他们在渗透过程中绝不发出声音 ，甚至可以在白天完全潜伏，等待隔天夜里更多的日军部队渗透进来，直到他们确定数量 上足够淹没美军阵地时，才会发起小规模的攻势。日军赖以实施这种渗透战术的秘诀，在 於灌输至最基层士兵的狂热斗志。 American officers seem to agree that this "fanaticism" manifests itself particularly in lack of fear of death. As one officer puts it, "they will do things that they know will cost them their lives; for example, throw themselves on wire so that the following troops may pass over their bodies, or destroy tank mines by deliberately walking on them." In actual battle they are ferocious fighters. They very rarely surrender, because they fear what their captors will do to them and because they believe that if they die they go to Heaven and their families are honored. They also believe that if they surrender and are later retaken by their own troops, their families will be disgraced and they themselves will be punished. Even when surrounded, individual groups and soldiers will continue to fight on. One occasion has been reported when U.S. forces surrounded about 2,000 Japanese behind the American lines; about 200 got away, but the rest fought so savagely, refusing to surrender, that only about 50 were left to be captured. Many Japanese will even go so far as to commit suicide rather than be taken prisoner. 美国军官们认为这种狂热最主要反映在日军不畏死亡此一事实上。这些日本人总是喜欢去 作一些会丢掉自己老命的战法，举例来说，他们会扑倒在铁丝网上让後续部队通过而不是 剪断它、他们会抱着反坦克地雷冲向坦克而不是埋了它。在实战中他们是狂热的战士，很 少投降，这是因为他们认为被俘会使他们的家人丢脸，甚至是连一时投降等待时机被友军 救出，也不允许。就算被切割包围，日军的小集团单位还是会奋战至死。一个案例是我军 包围了两千名渗透进战线後方的日本兵，其中约有200人成功逃出生天，但剩下的大多数 都疯狂战斗，拒绝投降，到最後我们只俘虏了五十人。日本兵大多数都宁可自杀而不愿被 俘。 Another instance of the excellent fighting qualities of the individual Japanese soldier was illustrated in the extensive use of snipers. Apparently the members of the sniper corps were a picked group, for their marksmanship was extremely good, and they had been provided with special clothing. 另一个展现日本单兵素质的地方，是在於日军在攻势中会非常积极地运用狙击手。日本狙 击手是经过精挑细选，枪法精良，而且有相当良好的伪装服。 Climbing a tree, the sniper would hide in the foliage after tying himself to the tree with vines or rope. There he would wait patiently for a suitable target. These snipers apparently had instructions to concentrate on the American officers, for often they would let a whole detachment of Filipino or American enlisted men go by in order to wait for a shot at an officer. The snipers employed the regular .25 caliber rifle of the ground troops, using powder which gave no flash, no smoke, and "a report not much louder than that of a B-B gun." 日本狙击手通常会爬到树上，而且用绳索或树藤把自己固定住。他们会耐心等待高价值目 标才开火，特别是在菲律宾他们会专挑军官与士官干部打。这些狙击手配备了.25口径的 狙击枪（6.5mm的九七式）、而且这种枪没有枪口火光、没有烟雾、声音甚至不会比BB枪 更大。 The Japanese had a novel method of serving their light machine gun. One man served as the mount, the second man was gunner. They would both drop to the ground and as soon as they had finished a clip, they would roll over, crawl away about 10 or more yards and then open up on the same targets. This had the effect of confusing the American and Filipino troops as to the exact position of the enemy, sometimes leading them to believe that there were two or more machine guns operating against them. The gun used was not a tommy gun, as many thought, but simply the Nambu light .25 caliber machine gun. 值得一提的是日本人运用轻机枪的战术。日本轻机枪是两人一小组，当他们装填新的弹匣 时，会挟着机关枪在地上翻滚个差不多十码左右，然後从新的位置开火。这使得美军与菲 军部队经常会误以为日军有好几挺机枪在同时开火、误判形势。日本人使用南部制造的 .25口径轻机枪。（6.5mm的歪把子） ＊＊＊＊＊ 基本上在菲律宾战役期间，美军完全丧失了空优与制海权，头上有日本飞机扫射、海上有 舰炮岸轰，因此在这里日军是罕见地扮演攻方、而非守方。 但是日军在攻势中运用狙击手的方式，其实与守势时相差无几，他们会远离主力部队，尝 试渗透到战线两翼去，然後躲藏起来等待高价值目标接近、加以射杀。 在看完了日军担任攻方的战术後，我们来看看日军担任守方时的战术。 1942年10月22日，美国陆战队向战争部所作之报告： ＜所罗门群岛地区的日军防御战术＞ "The flanks of Japanese positions and weapon emplacements were covered by snipers. Snipers were concealed in the tops of palm trees and were not detected until they opened fire, despite careful observation of tree tops. The Browning automatic rifle proved to be an excellent weapon for dealing with snipers.” 日军通常使用狙击手来掩护他们的阵地侧翼。日本狙击手通常会躲藏在树顶，而且伪装的 极佳，不管我军再怎麽仔细侦查，通常在他们开火以前是找不到的。但是使用BAR自动步 枪，就可以很完美地解决掉这些狙击手。 "Fighting took place at ranges of 50 to 100 yards.” 这一地区的战斗通常在50~100码以内开打。 "When questioned about the lack of prisoners, a U.S. officer said that apparently a great deal of propaganda had been spread among the Japanese soldiers about the horrible things that would happen to prisoners.” 根据我方军官对日本战俘的讯问，认为日本降兵会如此之少的原因，是因为他们的恐吓宣 传非常之有效。 "Naval gunfire and dive-bombing was still going on when the initial wave landed. No fire was received by this first wave, as all the Japanese had taken cover. After cessation of naval gun fire and bombing, the Japanese began firing from dugouts on the island and fire was received from an adjacent island.” 当我军第一波部队在舰炮与俯冲轰炸机的掩护下登陆时，日本人都躲进掩体里了，不对我 们的第一波部队开火。但在支援炮火停止後，日本人就回到阵地里开始攻击。 "The first wave tossed grenades into the entrance to the dugouts that they passed. Although the grenades exploded within the entrance, it was later found that they were ineffective due to the type of entryway. Enemy troops fired from dugouts on the rear of the first wave and into the second and third waves, aided by snipers in the tops of coconut trees. 虽然我军先锋尝试突入壕沟投掷手榴弹，但是稍後被证明这种攻击对抗日本人精良的工事 是没效的。未被肃清的敌军，透过躲在树上的狙击手支援，在我军每一波登陆波次之间进 行偷袭。 “One sniper shot down from a tree had coconuts hung around his neck to help conceal him. One sniper in a palm tree had protected himself with armor plate. ” 一个日本狙击手被我们打下树，但是他用椰子壳制成的护颈保住了性命。另一个我们干掉 的狙击手，则被发现他身上穿着铁甲。 "Japanese marksmanship was characterized as poor and not very dangerous if one kept moving and avoided lying in the open.” 日本人的枪法极其差劲，只要你不断移动并且避免在开阔地卧倒，就毫无威胁性。 "It was emphasized that no flash, smoke or muzzle blast was visible from Japanese weapons” 日本人的枪炮之枪口焰、喷烟与闪光非常难以发现。 "The Japanese snipers paid particular attention to picking off officers and noncommissioned officers whose exterior garments carried insignia or markings indicating their rank." 日本狙击手特别喜欢挑我军的军官、士官干部下手。这可能是因为他们懂得判读我方的军 阶与识别章纪。 以下是来自於陆战队士兵个人的手记、家书或回忆录的内容。 "Individually, he is a good soldier; in fact, an excellent one. They very, very seldom give up but will fight until killed, even after being badly wounded. Of a force of well over 700 that we wiped out, we were only able to take 34 prisoners, and 33 of them were so badly wounded that they couldn't do anything. We asked each one if they had been told that they would be killed if captured and they said "No," but that they expected to be. All insisted that they would never be able to return to Japan, so that probably is the answer. 个人以为那帮日本兵是厉害的家伙，事实上，非常卓越。这些人除非战死或身负重伤，否 则不会放弃抵抗。我们歼灭了一支七百人的日军单位，但是只抓到34个战俘，其中有33个 是已经失能的重伤患。我们询问他们是否有宣传说会被我们杀掉，虽然他们否认有宣传， 但都自认会被我们杀掉。这些人都说这下再也没脸回日本去了，这或许就是答案吧。 "Each Jap carried a camouflage net made of mesh with wood-fiber strands, and it is actually impossible to see them at 50 yards if they lie still with it on.” 那些小日本都用当地的草木泥巴做成了非常好的迷彩伪装，所以他们在卧倒时，除非靠近 到50码内否则完全认不出来。 "As you have been told before, they are great on sniping. After our initial landing, and after they had taken to the mountains, they worried us quite a bit, as they would slip in at night (or hide out during the day) and do a lot of firing. For two nights we actually had them running around inside Regimental Headquarters lines. As it was as dark as pitch we couldn't fire and they would outrun our boys. We had one sniper near our galley that would take one shot of a morning and one in the evening. We combed the fields and the coconut trees but we never found him. I am glad to say that he was a damn poor shot and he didn't get anyone before he finally beat it.” 就像我们事前被告知的一样，那些日本人超爱狙击。在第一波登陆後，他们占领了山丘， 并且对我军造成了一点小困扰，这群人会在晚上溜掉（或在白天避开我们），然後拼命开 火。甚至有两次，日本狙击手在晚上跑进了我们的团指挥所里，那实在是夜色暗到我们的 弟兄看不清这帮人身影。我们这防区还有个日本狙击手，他总是每天在早上和晚上各开一 枪；我们翻遍了战场上所有的椰子树可偏偏就是找不到这家伙。我得很荣幸的说，感谢这 家伙他妈烂到爆的枪法，在他被解决以前我们之中没有任何一个弟兄中弹。 "In my opinion it boils down to this. The Japs are excellent individual soldiers but their headwork is very poor.” 依我看，那些日本兵打得非常好，但指挥他们的高层实在是逊毙了。 ＊＊＊＊＊ 与陆军在菲律宾的经验相比，最大的差别就是美国陆战队眼中的日本狙击手普遍枪法很逊 。这可能是因为相对於拘泥於一次大战线式战术思想的美国陆军，陆战队带有更积极攻势 的教范色彩，鼓励步兵在战场上采取运动而非阵地战方式战斗，结果日本狙击手在射击移 动目标时的命中率就大幅下降了。 另一方面，陆战队也比他们的陆军弟兄更有自信，他们在发现日军狙击手後会懂得使用自 动武器集火将之射杀，而非束手无策。尽管日军喜欢在近距离挑起战斗，但配备了大量冲 锋枪、自动步枪、卡宾枪与火焰放射器的陆战队，其实在近距离的战斗中更是稳操胜券。 --

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