http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authorit arian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leaders hip of Benito Mussolini. The name comes from fascio, which may mean "bundle", as in a political or militant group or a nation, but also from the fasces (rod s bundled around an axe), which were an ancient Roman symbol of the authority of magistrates. The Italian 'Fascisti' were also known as Black Shirts for the ir style of uniform incorporating a black shirt (see: Political Colours). Definition The word fascism has come to mean any system of government resembling Mussolin i's, that 1.exalts nation and often race above the individual, 2.uses violence and modern techniques of propaganda and censorship to forcibly s uppress political opposition, 3.engages in severe economic and social regimentation, and 4.espouses nationalism and sometimes racism (ethnic nationalism). According to the libertarian Nolan chart, "fascism" occupies a place on the po litical spectrum as the capitalist equivalent of communism, wherein a system t hat supports economic liberty is constrained by its social controls such that it becomes virtually indistinguishable from totalitarianism. In an article in the 1932 Enciclopedia Italiana, written by Giovanni Gentile a nd attributed to Benito Mussolini, fascism is described as a system in which " The State not only is authority which governs and molds individual wills with laws and values of spiritual life, but it is also power which makes its will p revail abroad.... For the Fascist, everything is within the State and... neith er individuals or groups are outside the State.... For Fascism, the State is a n absolute, before which individuals or groups are only relative." Mussolini in a speech delivered on October 28, 1925, stated the following maxi m that encapsulates the fascist philosophy: "Tutto nello Stato, niente al di f uori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato." ("Everything in the State, nothing o utside the State, nothing against the State".) Nazism is usually considered as a kind of fascism, but it should be understood that Nazism sought the state's purpose in serving an ideal to valuing what it s content should be: its people, race, and the social engineering of these asp ects of culture to the ends of the greatest possible prosperity for them at th e expense of all else. In contrast, Mussolini's fascism held to the ideology t hat all of these factors existed to serve the state, and that it wasn't necess arily in the state's interest to serve or engineer any of these particulars wi thin its sphere as any priority. The only purpose of the government under fasc ism proper was to value itself as the highest priority to its culture in just being the state in itself, the larger scope of which, the better, and for thes e reasons it can be said to have been a governmental statolatry. While Nazism was a metapolitical ideology, seeing itself only as a utility by which an allegorical condition of its people was its goal, fascism was a squar ely anti-socialist form of statism that existed by virtue and as an end in and of itself. The Nazi movement spoke of class-based society as the enemy, and w anted to unify the racial element above established classes. The Fascist movem ent, on the other hand, sought to preserve the class system and uphold it as t he foundation of established and progressive culture. This underlying theorem made the contemporary Fascists and Nazis see themselves and their respective p olitical labels as at least partially exclusive to one another. Today, however, this difference is not made often in terminology, even when us ed historically. This is mostly because both ideologies have ceased to be soci ety-driven movements of their own anywhere in the world today. Outside of thei r internal reasoning, their own opposing ideas have no part to play in modenr politics, and could be said to be arbitrarily alien to the liberal states curr ently dealing in defining political concerns. As a political science, the philosophical pretext to the literal fascism of th e historical Italian type believes the state's nature is superior to that of t he sum of the individuals comprising it -- individuals exist for the state, ra ther than the state existing to serve them. The resources that individuals pro vide from participating in the community are conceived as a productive duty of individual progress serving an entity greater than the sum of its parts. Ther efore, all individuals' business is the state's business, and the state's exis tence is the sole duty of the individual. In its Corporativist model of totalitarian but private management, the various functions of the state were trades, conceived as individualized entities maki ng up that state. Further, it is in the state's interest to oversee them for t hat reason, but not direct them or make them public because such functioning i n government hands undermines the development of what the state is. Private ac tivity is in a sense contracted to the state so that the state may suspend the infrastructure of any entity in accordance with their usefulness and directio n, or with health to the state. Fascist movements have historically been composed of small capitalists, low-le vel bureaucrats, and the middle classes. Fascism also met with great success i n rural areas, especially among farmers, peasants, and in the city, the lumpen proletariat. A key feature of fascism is that it uses its mass movement to att ack the organizations of the working class - parties of the left and trades un ions. Unlike the pre–World War II period, when many groups openly and proudly procl aimed themselves fascist, in the post–World War II period, the term has taken on an extremely pejorative meaning, largely in reaction to the crimes against humanity committed by the Nazis. Today, very few groups proclaim themselves as fascist, and the term almost uni versally is used for groups for whom the speaker has little regard, often with minimal understanding of what the term actually means. The term "fascist" or "Nazi" is often ascribed to individuals or groups who are perceived to behave in an authoritarian manner; by silencing opposition, judging personal behavior , or otherwise attempting to concentrate power. More particularly, "Fascist" i s sometimes used by people of the Left to characterize some group or persons o f the far-right or neo-far-right, or the far left activists as a description o f any political or cultural influences perceived as "non-progressive," or mere ly not sufficiently progressive. This usage receded much following the 1970s, but has enjoyed a strong resurgence in connection with Anti-globalization acti vism. Fascism, in many respects, is an ideology of negativism: anti-liberal, anti-Co mmunist, anti-democratic, anti-egalitarian, etc. As a political and economic s ystem in Italy, it combined elements of corporatism, totalitarianism, national ism, and anti-communism. --

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