原文标题： China tightens rules to block Pakistan rare earths exports to US 原文连结：https://tinyurl.com/2mrkbphz 发布时间：October 10, 2025 记者署名：Jeff Pao 原文内容： China has announced new measures restricting the export of its rare-earth extraction technologies after learning that Pakistan uses Chinese equipment to produce niche metals for the United States. 中国在得知巴基斯坦使用中国设备为美国生产利基金属後，宣布了新的措施，限制其稀 土萃取技术的出口。 The new rules, issued by the Chinese Commerce Ministry, cover rareearth production, processing and separation equipment, as well as related raw and auxiliary materials. Overseas rare earths producers need to apply for export licenses from the Chinese government to obtain China’s extraction technologies and separation equipment. 这些由中国商务部发布的新规定涵盖稀土生产、加工和分离设备，以及相关的原料和辅 助材料。海外稀土生产商需要向中国政府申请出口许可证，才能获得中国的萃取技术和分 离设备。 The Commerce Ministry and China Customs also released four related documents extending export controls across strategic materials on the same day. The documents said China will: add synthetic diamond powders, single crystals, diamond wire saws and related equipment to the export control list; establish licensing systems for rare-earth separation and extraction technologies and equipment; ban exports of specific middle and heavy rare-earth metals, alloys, oxides and compounds; restrict exports of lithium-battery components and artificial graphite materials. 商务部和中国海关也在同一天发布了四份相关文件，扩大对战略材料的出口管制。这些 文件表示中国将：将合成钻石粉末、单晶、钻石线锯和相关设备加入出口管制清单；建立 稀土分离和萃取技术及设备的许可制度；禁止出口特定中重稀土金属、合金、氧化物和化 合物；限制锂电池组件和人造石墨材料的出口。 Exporters must identify dual-use items and provide detailed technical parameters if products approach control thresholds, according to the documents . The unified measures will take effect on November 8, just two days before the November 10 expiration date of the current trade truce between the US and China. 根据这些文件，出口商必须识别两用物品，如果产品接近管制阈值，则需提供详细的技 术参数。这些统一措施将於11月8日生效，这正好是美中当前贸易休战期11月10日到期前 两天。 Beijing’s latest move follows a memorandum of understanding signed on September 8 between the Pakistani government and US Strategic Metals to produce critical minerals in Pakistan. It also precedes a potential meeting between President Xi Jinping and US President Donald Trump during the APEC summit in South Korea later this month. 北京的最新举措是在巴基斯坦政府与美国战略金属公司於9月8日签署谅解备忘录之後， 该备忘录旨在在巴基斯坦生产关键矿物。它也发生在习近平主席和美国总统唐纳德·特朗 普在本月晚些时候在韩国举行的APEC峰会上可能会晤之前。 Iron brotherhood 铁兄弟 China holds a leading position in the global market for critical minerals, particularly rare earths, lithium, cobalt and nickel. It controls more than 60 % of global rare earth production, approximately 70% of lithium refining, nearly 70% of cobalt processing and over 90% of battery-grade graphite output. This dominance stems from years of state investment, technological advancements and pursuit of a national strategy centered on resource security and industrial development. 中国在全球关键矿物市场中占据领先地位，特别是稀土、锂、钴和镍。它控制了全球稀 土生产的60%以上、锂精炼的约70%、钴加工的近70%，以及电池级石墨产量的90%以上。这 种主导地位源於多年的国家投资、技术进步，以及以资源安全和产业发展为中心的国家战 略追求。 This position gave Beijing significant strategic leverage as it moved to align trade and resource policies with national priorities. However, this advantage was undermined by Pakistan’s recent decision to sell rare earths to the US. 这一地位为北京提供了重要的战略杠杆，因为它将贸易和资源政策与国家优先事项保持 一致。然而，这一优势被巴基斯坦最近决定向美国出售稀土所削弱。 “The first phase of this deal is envisaged at approximately US$500 million of investments into Pakistan’s critical minerals sector,” the Pakistani prime minister’s office said last month. 「这项交易的第一阶段预计将投资约5亿美元进入巴基斯坦的关键矿物部门，」巴基斯坦 总理办公室上个月表示。 The South Asian country has reportedly shipped the first batch of rare earth elements to the US. Chinese media used to describe Pakistan as China’s “iron brother,” meaning that the duo have very close diplomatic and trade relations. Both countries are now developing the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, a key part of Beijing’s Belt and Road Initiative. 据报导，这南亚国家已向美国运送了第一批稀土元素。中国媒体过去常用「铁兄弟」来 描述巴基斯坦，意味着两国拥有非常密切的外交和贸易关系。目前两国正在开发中巴经济 走廊，这是北京一带一路倡议的关键部分。 “Pakistan’s five million metric tons of rare earths reserves, worth several trillion dollars, have suddenly become a new focal point in the strategic rivalry between China and the US,” a Shandong-based columnist says in an article titled “Pakistan’s key minerals saved the US defense industry at the last moment.” 「巴基斯坦的五百万公吨稀土储量，价值数万亿美元，突然成为中美战略竞争的新焦点 ，」一位山东专栏作家在一篇题为「巴基斯坦关键矿物在最後一刻拯救了美国国防产业」 的文章中表示。 “American defense contractors urgently need these rare earths to sustain production of F35 fighter jets and nuclear submarines. Meanwhile, China, with 92% of the world’s rare-earth refining capacity, retains control of the key extraction and purification technologies.” 「美国国防承包商迫切需要这些稀土来维持F-35战斗机和核潜艇的生产。与此同时，中 国拥有全球92%的稀土精炼能力，保留了关键萃取和纯化技术的控制权。」 He says that the actual value of underground rare earths lies in the separation technologies because 90% of the 250 rare-earth minerals discovered globally occur in mixed form. 他表示，地下稀土的实际价值在於分离技术，因为全球发现的250种稀土矿物中90%以混 合形式存在。 “The extraction and purification of rare earths is like picking black beans from a bowl of sesame,” he says. “Even if the US invests heavily in Pakistan ’s rare-earth mining, the final products will likely fall short of military- grade standards without China’s processing expertise.” 「稀土的萃取和纯化就像从一碗芝麻中挑黑豆一样，」他说。「即使美国在巴基斯坦的 稀土开采上大量投资，如果没有中国的加工专长，最终产品很可能达不到军事级标准。」 “Pakistan may have earned quick money by accepting US investment and granting mining rights for rare earth development,” says a Shanghai-based writer who identifies himself as a financial planner, “but whether this short -term gain will turn into a long-term benefit remains uncertain. Such a deal, made amid major-power rivalry, could prove risky.” 「巴基斯坦通过接受美国投资并授予稀土开发的开采权，可能赚到了快钱，」一位上海 作家自称为财务规划师，他说，「但这种短期收益是否会转化为长期利益仍不确定。在大 国竞争中达成的这种交易可能会有风险。」 He adds: “It will not be easy for Pakistan to strike a political balance between China and the US, while any misstep could be costly. As long as Pakistan avoids actions that hurt China’s core interests, the foundation of China–Pakistan friendship will remain strong. Pakistan needs to remember who its true brother is.” 他补充道：「巴基斯坦要在中美之间维持政治平衡并不容易，任何失误都可能付出代价 。只要巴基斯坦避免伤害中国核心利益的中巴友谊基础就会保持坚固。巴基斯坦需要记住 谁才是它的真正兄弟。」 China’s extraction know-how 中国的精链专长 China’s rare-earth extraction relies mainly on solvent extraction and ion exchange, processes that use small chemical differences to separate elements. In solvent extraction, organic liquids pull specific rare earths from solution , while ion exchange uses resin columns to isolate ions. Because these elements share similar properties, separation is challenging and often requires additional steps, such as centrifugation or electrolysis, to achieve high purity. 中国的稀土精链主要依赖溶剂萃取和离子交换，这些过程利用元素间微小的化学差异来 分离元素。在溶剂萃取中，有机液体从溶液中提取特定稀土，而离子交换则使用树脂柱来 隔离离子。由於这些元素具有相似的性质，分离具有挑战性，通常需要额外的步骤，如离 心或电解，以达到高纯度。 Chinese media have praised chemist Xu Guangxian (1920–2015) for separating praseodymium and neodymium with countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction. Xu’s work culminating in his 1974 success took place at a time when China was under Mao Zedong’s control during the Cultural Revolution and facing severe restrictions on scientific research. 中国媒体赞扬化学家徐光宪（1920–2015）使用逆流液-液萃取分离镨和钕。徐的工作在 1974年取得成功，当时中国正处於毛泽东控制的文化大革命时期，科学研究面临严格限制 。 Born in 1920 in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, Xu graduated from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1944 and later earned a PhD in physical chemistry from Columbia University in the US in 1951. After returning to China, he taught at Peking University. In 1972 his department received a military assignment to separate the rare earth elements praseodymium and neodymium, which were then difficult to separate because of their similar properties. 徐於1920年出生於浙江省绍兴，1944年毕业於上海交通大学，後於1951年在美国哥伦比 亚大学获得物理化学博士学位。回国後，他在北大任教。1972年，他的系部接到军事任务 ，分离稀土元素镨和钕，当时由於它们的相似性质而难以分离。 Xu completed the task two years later using a countercurrent extraction process, which separates metals by repeatedly washing them through liquid layers with different chemical affinities. He published his findings in 1975 and became a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980. 两年後，徐使用逆流萃取过程完成了任务，该过程通过反覆将金属洗涤通过具有不同化 学亲和力的液体层来分离金属。他於1975年发表了他的发现，并於1980年成为中国科学院 院士。 In fact, Xu was not the first to achieve this separation. Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach first isolated praseodymium and neodymium in 1885 through a process of fractional crystallization. In the mid-1950s, researchers at Argonne and Oak Ridge National Laboratories in the US advanced the science with liquid-liquid solvent extraction, establishing the technical foundation for achieving the 99.9% purity standards that define modern rare-earth refining. 事实上，徐并不是第一个实现这种分离的人。奥地利化学家卡尔·奥尔·冯·韦尔斯巴 赫於1885年通过分级结晶过程首次分离镨和钕。在1950年代中期，美国阿贡和橡树岭国家 实验室的科学家使用液-液溶剂萃取推进了这一科学，建立了达到99.9%纯度标准的技术基 础，这定义了现代稀土精炼。 China today maintains a dominant, near-monopoly position in the global supply of neodymium magnets, accounting for more than 85% of total production. These high-performance magnets are indispensable in advanced industries, powering the permanent-magnet motors of Tesla Model 3 vehicles, the flight control systems of F35 fighter jets and the vibration motors inside iPhones. 如今，中国在全球钕磁铁供应中维持主导的近垄断地位，占总产量的85%以上。这些高性 能磁铁在先进产业中不可或缺，为特斯拉Model 3车辆的永磁电机、F-35战斗机的飞行控 制系统以及iPhone内部的振动马达提供动力。 In China, well-known providers of rare earth extraction equipment include Zhengzhou Tiei Extraction Technology and Baotou Shibo Rare Earth Extraction & Equipment Co., Ltd. 在中国，知名的稀土萃取设备供应商包括郑州铁亿萃取技术和包头世博稀土萃取与设备 有限公司。 心得/评论： 美国虽能开采稀土 但缺乏分离与精炼能力 中国仍握有最关键瓶颈战略 稀土是F-35战机、核潜艇、导弹系统不可或缺的材料 美国会更加速去中国化 强化与盟国合作 并投资於美国本土分离技术 如MP Materials、Lynas等 --

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