TOPIC: ISSUE230 - "College students-and people in general-prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction." Society requires diversified contributions to develop and extend its cultures, that is, society needs many kinds of intellectual development and contribution, both of which derive from diversified people to extend the cultures of society, which proves the importance of making decisions. Thus, to achieve this societal goal, colleges should provide diversified choices in order to elevate students' view of level and expand their scope. Human cultures originate from the development of people's learning and traditions which are built from education and experience, besides, cultures are survivable only when the elements of composition of culture are diversified in this inconstantly changing world, thus, in order to adapt to this world, people should learn to accept diversified percipience by considering and experiencing choices they face to develop a suitable type of execution in order to make cultures become stronger. In history, cultures have been changing by developing suitable method to accept the change of the environment, such as northern American cultures, northern American cultures accepted exotic shocks and adopted combination to convert into one of the strongest countries. To constitute the necessary ingredients of the extension and growth of cultures, society should provide their people choices to learn and experience differences so that people can realize directions which is conducive and adopt the method that is summarized from many scopes of knowledge to achieve the goals of societal development and extension. Since colleges enact an important role on education which is the main step to impart students to be malleable to societies so that people could develop and extend the cultures of society, colleges should provide as many choices as possible to let students to experience and elevate or observe from different viewpoints of events then make a good decision from different perspectives. For instance, professor should teach students to suspect anything, but not always give them answer, since original ideas may impede their exploration of any field of knowledge to find out the variety of the world and trying to test any methods to solve problems. Therefore, to develop and extend the cultures of society, colleges should train students to think independently and provide as many choices as possible to let students to learn and experience diversified knowledge and opinions, whereby, society will be able to acquire the necessary nutrient to feed on and become stronger. In summary, since Society requires diversified contributions to develop and extend its cultures and colleges enact an important role on education which is the main step to impart students to be malleable to societies, colleges should provide students as many choices as possible to train and induce students to think independently, whereby, students will acquire knowledge that is necessary to make society develops and extends. TOPIC: ARGUMENT79 - The following appeared in a magazine for the trucking industry. "The Longhaul trucking company was concerned that its annual accident rate (the number of accidents per mile driven) was too high. It granted a significant pay increase to its drivers and increased its training standards. It also put strict limits on the number of hours per week each driver could drive. The following year, its trucks were involved in half the number of accidents as before the changes were implemented. A survey of other trucking companies found that the highest-paid drivers were the least likely to have had an accident. Therefore, trucking companies wishing to reduce their accident rate can do so simply by raising their drivers' pay and limiting the overall number of hours they drive." The argument claims that the methods Longhaul trucking company adopts to reduce its high annual accident rate could be emulated by other companies to reduce their annual accident rate. However, the survey that the author provides is unpersuasive and the reasons are fallacious. The reason of the high annual accident rate of the Longhaul trucking company could be the total number of the sample of the annual accident rate is small, hence, caused the rate to be high, in addition, the survey of the high annual accident rate of the Longhaul trucking company doesn't provide the details of previous years, drivers list, the status of the path that drivers passed through, equipments renovation, etc. to exclude other explanations of the high accident rate. In addition, Since the survey of the high annual accident rate doesn't provide any evidence and detail to clarify the reason why and what caused high accident rate, the method of granting a significant pay increase to its drivers and increased training standards are unpersuasive to prove the effectiveness of this connection between solutions and problems. Besides, the survey of the following years of Longhaul trucking company doesn't demonstrate how the accident rates are calculated to assure that it is convincing to compare the accident rate of the year which the solutions were adopted. Finally, even if the ways that Longhaul trucking company adopted to reduce is convincing, it is not guaranteed to reduce the accident rates of other company, since Longhaul trucking company could be different on their intrinsic nature, dealing, cost and benefit, even drivers’ skill that other companies couldn't emulate. Thus, only when the author adduce convincing evidence to prove and exclude alternative explanations which could be the reasons why the annual accident rate was high and now is low, otherwise, the author should not suggest that other companies could emulate the methods that Longhaul trucking company adopts to reduce annual accident rate. --

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