作者miragejames (Sgt.James)
看板NTUMEB95
标题[分享] 学长墨宝---廖运炫大抄
时间Tue Apr 1 21:55:14 2008
机械制造 切削部分考题大破解(廖运炫) 完成日期2007.06.19
1.非传统与传统切削加工(nontraditional/traditional machining process)比较,有何
特点?
传统--细分为两类:○1刀刃几何形状可明确定义之切削加工(cutting),例如:车、铣、
钻,切削厚度约0.025mm~2.5mm( 0.001in~0.1in)。
○2磨粒加工(abrasive process),例如:轮磨(grinding)、抛光等,切屑厚度约
0.0025mm~0.25mm(0.0001in~0.01in)。
非传统--例如:放电加工(E Discharge M)、电化学加工(E Chemical M)、超音波加工
(Ultrasonic M),牵涉到原子等级或次微观尺寸大小之切屑。
2.(a)为何刀具的侧切刃角(side cutting edge angle)会折衷取一不会太小但也不会太大
的值?
太小会使刀具在接触到工件的一瞬间受到太大的initial shock,且在工件末端出现较大
的毛边;太大则会使切削力不足,亦不利於加工。
(b)切削时如何获得良好的加工表面粗糙度?提出策略并说明为何可以的原因。 表面
粗糙度和nose radius, 进给量, end cutting edge angle有关,较大的nose radius、较
小的进给量和较小的end cutting edge angle都可使表面粗糙度较好。
(c)何谓车铣复合加工机? Machine center is a highly automated machine tool
capable of performing multiple machining operation under CNC control in one
setup with minimal human attention. Mill-turn center is a kind of machine
centers which has both turning and milling functions.
(d)何谓极压油(extreme pressure oil)?目的为何? 加工时,常用油类切削液来帮
助冷却润滑、冲走切削、改善表面光滑度、减少需功、延长刀具寿命等;Since the mp
of the oil is rather low, sometimes extreme pressure additives such as S & Cl
are added, and the oil becomes extreme oil.
(e)P01碳钨刀具适合:○1精加工 ○2切削steel, steel castings.
3.(a)解决切屑过长(Built Up Edge, BUE),而与刀具、工件、机器纠缠在一起的方法?
○1Increase the cutting speed. ○2Apply positive rake angle. ○3Apply cutting
fluid(切削液). ○4Use a smaller depth of cut.
(b)切削时如何得到良好加工表面粗糙度?
表面光滑度和材料移除率(Q)有关,Q越小则加工表面越光滑迳○1降低切削速度 ○2减少
每次的进给量 ○3减少每次的切削深度
(c)刀具寿命VTn=C V=cutting speed;T=tool life[min];n is related to tool
material.;C is the cutting speed when the tool life is 1 min.
4.(a)以一般之直立式钻床钻孔,什麽钻头较适合用於钻较深的孔?什麽较适合钻薄板?
○1麻花钻头适合钻深孔 ○2圆弧钻头适合钻薄板。
(b)何谓单位功率(unit power)?应用上能作什麽? ○1The power required to cut a
unit volume of material per unit time, p. [kW/(cm3/min)] or [hp/(cm3/min)] ○
2单位功率会随着材料性质不同而改变,在加工时可查表得知单位功率做为决定加工方式
的参考。
5.(a)综合加工机於机械构造上或机构上与铣床比有何特殊之处?以综合加工机加工零件
有何优点?
○1Machining center is a highly automated machine tool capable of performing
multiple machining operations under CNC control in one setup with minimal
human attention. Machining center usually has more than 3 axes and has some
features such as automatic tool changer, pallet shuttles and automatic work
positioning. ○2以综合加工机加工可减少加工机的数目,或是缩短生产线的长度,进
而大幅提高加工的效率。
(b)近代铣削加工比较会采用逆铣或顺铣?为什麽? 顺铣迳加工时摩擦较少,铣刀刃
口寿命长;夹持容易,无震动,加工面精度较高;装置容易,适合铣削长薄型工件;进给
消耗功率少。
6.(a)为何磨轮加工在一般传统加工中属於较精密的加工制程?又为什麽很硬的材料仅能
用磨削的方式?
○1It’s cutting edge is very small, and since a number of these edges can
cut simultaneously, very fine cuts are possible, and close dimensional
control and fine surface finish can be obtained. ○2Since it is possible to
produce extremely hard abrasive particles made of very hard materials such as
hardened steel, glass, carbides or ceramics, where the strength of other
materials used in other machining methods is not enough to deal with such
hard object, thus, we could deal with those objects only by grinding
machining.
(b)何谓软砂轮?为何砂轮之软硬程度在轮磨加工中很重要? ○1结合度较强、磨粒不易
脱落者称为硬砂轮,反之结合度较弱、磨粒易脱落者为软砂轮。 ○2The selection of
using “hard” or “soft” grinding wheel depends on the characteristics of
material. Hard wheel is for high stock removal rates and for grinding of soft
materials, and soft wheel is for low material removal and grinding of hard
materials.
(c)欲精磨削(finish grinding)较硬的碳钢,就磨料A/C、粒度46/80、结合度F/K、组织
5/12中排列组合出一较适用之砂轮,假设采用瓷质烧结法之V结合剂。 A80F5V。 磨
料:A磨钢用C非铁/非金属/铸铁/精密磨削 粒度:精加工硬材料迳数字大=颗粒小 L:
结合度(A磨硬~Z磨软工件) 组织:(数值大=颗粒松迳粗加工) V:结合剂
7.(a)搪磨(honing)的制程和目的? Uses fine abrasive stones to remove very
small amounts of metal. It is used to size and finish bored holes, removing
common errors left by boring (taper, waviness and tool marks) or to remove
marks left by grinding. [研磨Lapping] A slow metal removing process where
a lap charged with abrasives is rubbed against a surface. If is used only to
remove scratch marks left by grinding or honing, or to obtain very flat or
smooth surface. [擦光Buffing] The abrasives are contained in a buffing
compound that is pressed into the outside surfaces of the wheel while it
rotates. It is used to provide attractive surfaces with high luster.
(b)简述化学机械抛光(CMP)之制程、目的。 [抛光]在日本与擦光并称为擦光。若将其
细分,抛光加工是以磨料黏附在布类或毡类做成的抛光轮上,用以磨除粗糙的工件表面;
而擦光则是以毛质或棉质的擦光轮涂抹磨料油类混合剂,与工件磨擦而得较光细的表面。
2005.04.06
3.(a)M40碳化钨刀具适用於粗/精/一般加工?切削何种材料? ○1适用粗加工 ○2不锈
钢、铁金属with short or long chips、非铁金属、轻合金。
(b)镀层刀具忌讳何种「状况」下切削?仅列出不适合切削之状况,不要列出不适用镀层
刀具切削之工件材料。 Coated carbide does not have the long-term abrasion
resistance, and it should not be used where heavy scale or other abrasive
conditions(e.g. heavy cut, interrupt cut) predominates. Coated carbide is
not suitable for machining high temperature alloys, titanium alloys, and
nonferrous metals.
5.(b)用一直径为D[mm]之钻头,以切削速度V[m/min]於厚度为H[mm]之碳钢上钻孔,若切
削手册上查到所需之单位功率(unit power)为u[kW/(cm3/min)],钻床马达之额定功率(即
马达之输出功率)为a[kW],钻床之机械效率为η,则:○1最大进给(feed)f应为多少?(
请记得同时加注单位);○2以实际钻孔而言,算出之数值大小应该大约为何?(本题请以
题目提供的英文字母及符号表示答案) Vc[rev * mm/min]= 0.262 * D[mm] * N[rpm]
a[kW] = u[kW * min/cm3] * Vc[rev * mm/min] = f[mm/rev] * H[mm] / η 迳 u = (a
η* 106 ) / (0.262 * D * N * f * H)
(c)欲从一实心的工件加工出一孔径较大尺寸精密而表面粗糙又佳的内孔,依序列出可能
的加工制程,并说明目的。 中心钻(订出内孔的中心)迳钻孔迳麻花钻(看情况,钻深
孔的时候用)迳搪孔boring(改善内孔表面光滑度)迳绞孔reaming(使内孔的尺寸更为精确
,光滑度也更好)。
6.(b)进行铣削加工时,何种状况你会选用逆铣(conventional milling)? ○1刀具可
能因受冲击而断裂时 ○2使用的是有进给螺杆游隙的旧铣床 ○3工件表面有生锈时
7.(a)钻石D及CBN磨料各适用轮磨何种工件材料? CBN: It is harder than SiC and
Al2O3 advantageous for grinding certain hardened tool and die steels. D(多晶
钻石): It is used for grinding carbide, ceramic.
(b)为何结合度的选择在轮磨加工中很重要? 结合度:黏结磨粒之结合剂强弱程度。
参考上面6(b)
8.(a)简单地叙述超级精磨(superfinishing)的制程及目的 ○1In superfinishing
and hoing, a film of lubricant is established between the work and the
abrasive stone as the work becomes smoother. ○2It is a surface-improving
process that removes undesirable fragmentation metal, leaving a base of solid
crystalline metal.
(b)请简述晶圆制程中抛光(polishing)的目的为何? To provide a wafer surface
of high smoothness for photolithography processes to follow.
逆铣:○1切屑由薄而厚,铣刀受力始轻末重,可避免刀具受冲击而断裂。 ○2适合铣削
铸件默黑及面。 ○3可用於旧式铣床,不产生螺杆无效间隙运动。 ○4摩擦多,刀口易钝
、寿命短。 ○5易震刀、加工面较粗糙、加工精度较差。 ○6装置不易,不适合铣削薄件
。 ○7消耗能量较多。
顺铣:○1切屑由厚而薄,铣刀受力始重末轻,易生冲击而使刀刃断裂。○2不适合铣削铸
件及锻件。 ○3铣床须有间隙消除装置,否则易产生螺杆无效间隙运动。 ○4加工时摩擦
较少,铣刀刃口寿命较长。 ○5夹持容易,无震动,加工面精度较高。 ○6装置容易,适
合铣削长薄型工件。 ○7进给消耗功率少。
1.化学加工:利用强酸或强硷等侵蚀反应来进行加工,应用在加工单位为原子的去除。
2.放电加工:乃利用间歇性火花放电所生成的热,熔融或气化被加工物。因为是利用热能
而非力学之方式去除材料,故不被加工材料之强度及硬度影响,可用来加工新、超硬材料
,制作精密、复杂、微小的零件,广泛地应用於模具与原型的制作。
3.雷射加工:利用高能量密度使表面所吸收的光能转换成热能的非接触加工,也有利用光
能直接解离材料的原子或分子结合的场合。[加热]将材料局部急速加热(变熊淬火、雷射
辅助熔接)[熔融]将材料急速局部熔融(熔接)[蒸发]将材料急速局部蒸发(切断、钻孔)[激
励剥蚀(ablation非热加工)]短波长高能量使原子激发而解离(光蚀刻、CVD、雷射曝光、
雷射诱起材料合)
4.车床的刚性不错,但为什麽车削时容易产生颤振? 可能是因为主轴的轴承装配不当或
是主轴的共振频率太大(柔度太大)或是车刀的部分的问题,如果是阶梯痕迹,有可能是床
台的最小移动量有黏滑现象,一般这种情形最常发生在车削z轴需要移动比较长,x轴相对
只移动一点点呒的时候,尤其是硬轨的又比线轨更容易有这样的情况。
5.刀具微崩落很严重? The occurrence of BUE in cutting uses a hard and
brittle tool.
6.粗加工适当切削条件、刀具材料、刀具斜角(正或负)? 粗加工主要考虑的是工件表面
的多余量的快速切除,ISO class之数值大的刀具,负斜角Positive rake angles
reduce the cutting force and direct the chip flow away from the material.
Negative rake angles increase the cutting force required but provide greater
strength as the cutting edge.
7.何谓Hi-E range? Hi-efficiency range, the cutting speed between Vc and Vp.
8.何谓切削性等级?有何用途? By comparing the material with AISI 1112
resulfurized carbon steel, and taking the machinability rating of 1112
resulfurized steel as 100. 比较材料的切削性
9.分裂点钻头:Good self-centering, breaks up chips for deep hole drill. 曲柄钻
,系利用轮与轴然动的原理,使施於头部的力量传至钻头而非钻孔。弓形钻的大小系由其
曲臂回转直径的大小而定,一般在8寸到14寸之间,大部分的弓形钻都装有棘轮装置,以
备在曲臂无法做360度回转的角落处钻孔。
10.拉磨或研磨是如何进行的? 系在工件表面与研磨具(lap, 一般为铸铁、软钢、铜、
铅、木材等),加入磨料(abrasives)与加工液,使工件与研磨具间产生相对运动,经由磨
料之作用,将工件表面做微量之研磨,进而获得精确而平滑的加工面。
11.砂轮磨料与一般之切削材料相比,性质有何不同? ○1The abrasives have
irregular shape and they are randomly distributed. ○2Self sharpening ability.
12.请说明修正(truing)与修锐(dressing)各代表何意?为何两者很重要? 若磨粒切刃
的自生作用不良,一般采用钻石刀具以人为的方式,将砂轮表面的切屑刮除,或促使钝化
的磨粒破碎,以恢复砂轮削能力,此种作用称为砂轮之修整(削锐, dressing);若砂轮在
使用一段时间後其形状改变。将其回复到原来形状的过程称为整形(削正, truing)。
13.各种情况的工具机适用何种加工?
工具机刚性不好:逆铣法(顺铣加工时刀齿对刀件之压力大,机台-夹具-工件之刚性需高
,且易因冲击而使刀具断裂。)
工件表面生锈:逆铣法(适合铣削有麟皮或硬点之锻铸件)
较薄工件:顺铣法
14.切削刃角的目的:○1Protect the point from taking the initial shock of the
cut. ○2Serves to thin out the chip by distributing the cut over a greater
surface
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