这篇文只是针对小廖的整理了一些鸡毛蒜皮的更动: 1. 我把各个术语的大小写整理了一下 2. 两个scholasticism的词条我放到同一处 3. 是skepticism不是skeptism喔! 最後, 还是要感谢大方的小廖啊~~~ Terms for European Literature 1 Midterm --organized by Little Liao, from online dictionaries Renaissance The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. (From 1350 when Petrarch started working ~ 1648 the peace of Westphalia, the end of the 30 years war.) It encompassed the revival of learning based on classical antiquity, the rise of courtly and papal patronage, the development of perspective in painting, and advancements in science. irony Irony refers to the effect of language created when the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated. dramatic irony in a situation in which there is an incongruity between what is expected and what occurs; a plot device in which the audience’s or reader’s knowledge of events or individuals surpasses that of the characters. tragic irony language device, either in spoken or written form in which the real meaning is concealed or contradicted by the literal meanings of the words (verbal irony)(dramatic irony). scholasticism --Scholasticism originally began to reconcile the philosophy of the ancient classical philosophers with medieval Christian theology. It is not a philosophy or theology in itself, but a tool and method for learning which puts emphasis on dialectical reasoning. The primary purpose of scholasticism was to find the answer to a question or resolve a contradiction. It is most well known in its application in medieval theology, but was eventually applied to classical philosophy and many other fields of study. --philosophy of the Middle Ages that sought to provide a rational basis for religious faith by reexamining the works of ancient Greek philosophers --A system of philosophy, based on religious principles and writing, that was taught in universities in the Middle Ages. patronage The support, encouragement, privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization troubadour A troubadour was a composer and performer of songs during the High Middle Ages in Europe. feudalism political and social system of medieval Europe in which vassals were protected by lords whom they served in times of war oxymoron expression composed of combined contrasts (e.g. "thunderous silence") antithesis the rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences (as in “action, not words” or “they promised freedom and provided slavery”) narcissism exaggerated self-love topoi a traditional or conventional literary or rhetorical theme or topic synechdoche a figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole metaphor Metaphor is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects. In the simplest case, this takes the form: "The [first subject] is a [second subject]." More generally, a metaphor is a rhetorical trope that describes a first subject as being or equal to a second subject in some way. humanism Humanism is a philosophy placing faith in the dignity of humankind and rejecti\ ng the medieval perception of the weak, fallen individual. indulgences buying partial remission of punishment simony act of buying or selling ecclesiastical services encomium a formal expression of praise >> mock encomium praise something that is not worth praising mock epic Juxtaposition of the high and low; Incongruity between form and content sententious commentary, pretentious kinds of language satire a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn protestant a Christian not of a Catholic or Eastern church idolatry worship of any cult image, idea, or object, as opposed to the worship of a God. Rabelaisian humor Humor that blends lofty and low, elegant and grotesque, erudite and physical burlesque Comic imitation of a serious literary or artistic form that relies on an extravagant incongruity between a subject and its treatment plot State– Action – State’, where Actions can be broken down into innumerable sub-stages fabula or histoire The events of a story; the story itself sjuzhet or recit The ordering of the story teleology A theory that events and developments are meant to achieve a purpose and happen because of that essay an analytic, interpretative, or critical literary composition usually much shorter and less systematic and formal than a dissertation or thesis and usually dealing with its subject from a limited and often personal point of view. Hellenistic period Hellenistic period refers to the breakdown of the Greek city state system in the wave of Alexander’s conquest and the spread of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean region. Stoicism The denigration of emotion and bodily pleasure, the emphasis on reason and logic; virtue is necessary and sufficient for happiness. Epicureanism Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of Epicurus Epicurus believed that the greatest good was to seek modest pleasures in order to attain a state of tranquility and freedom from fear (ataraxia) as well as absence of bodily pain (aponia) through knowledge of the workings of the world and the limits of our desires. hedonism Hedonism is the extreme of Epicureanism that pleasure is the most important pursuit of mankind. skepticism The ides that there is no basis for belief, no criterion of truth cynicism Aggressive destruction of all conventional meaning and truth; perfected form of stoics on self-sufficiency cultural relativism Cultural relativism is the principle that ones beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of ones own culture. 1327 Petrarch met Laura 1348-1350 the Black Death 1453 Constantinople falls to the Turks 1517 Luther’s 95Theses>>Begins the Reformation 1542 the Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition is formed 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1598 Henry IV declared the Edict of Nantes, which established tolerance of Protestantism in France and really ended the Religious Warring period. --

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