Feb 12, 2007《纽时周报全文精译》 「绿色」燃料 生态劫难 Biofuel, from oil palms like these, can result in more pollution than fossil fuels. From a 'Green' Fule, an Ecological Disaster 吕理甡译 仅仅几年前，荷兰政坛和环保团体还为荷兰迅速采用「永续能源」感到振 奋。荷兰能达此境地，部分得力於劝诱发电厂使用生质燃料，尤其是来自东南 亚的棕榈油。 AMSTERDAM －Just a few years ago, politicians and environmental groups in the Netherlands were thrilled by the rapid adoption of “sustainable energy,” achieved in part by coaxing electrical plants to use biofuel － in particular, palm oil from Southeast Asia. 在政府补贴激励下，能源公司变得非常热心，设计了只用生质燃油的发电 机。理论上，生质燃油比煤炭等化石燃料乾净，因为它是由植物提炼。 Spurred by government subsidies, energy companies became so enthusiastic that they designed generators that ran only on the oil, which in theory would be cleaner than fossil fuels like coal because it is derived from plants. 但是去年，科学家研究印尼和马来西亚棕榈园的作法後，这个绿色童话开 始看来更像环保梦魇。欧洲对棕榈油的需求，导致东南亚雨林大片大片被清除， 也造成当地过度使用化学肥料。 But last year, when scientists studied practices at palm plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia, this green fairy tale began to look more like an environmental nightmare. Demand for palm oil in Europe led to the clearing of huge tracts of Southeast Asian rainforest and the overuse of chemical fertilizer there. 科学家说，更糟的是，棕榈园不断扩大，使用的土地往往是以排乾泥炭湿 地及焚烧林木而来，使大量碳排放到大气里。 Worse still, the scientists said, space for expanding palm plantations was often created by draining and burning peatland, sending huge amounts of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. 根据荷兰国际湿地组织和荷兰戴伏特水力所研究人员去年12月发表的研究 报告，印尼已迅速成为全球第三大碳排放国，仅次於美国和中国大陆。科学家 认为，碳是全球暖化元凶。 Indonesia had quickly become the world’s third-leading producer of carbon emissions that scientists believe are responsible for global warming, ranked after the United States and China, according to a study released in December by researchers from Wetlands International and Delft Hydraulics, both in the Netherlands. 国际湿地组织是个保育团体，发言人艾力克斯．卡特说：「这实在令人震 惊，也完全粉碎了我们当初采用棕榈油的一切正当理由。」 “It was shocking and totally smashed all the good reasons we initially went into palm oil,” said Alex Kaat, a spokesman for Wetlands, a conservation group. 在追求更环保能源的过程中，生质燃料一向是基石，许多科学研究却发现 ，生产生质燃料有时可能比化石燃料产生更多有害排放物。 The production of biofuels, long a cornerstone of the quest for greener energy, may sometimes create more harmful emissions than fossil fuels, scientific studies are finding. 因此，许多国家的政界人士开始重新思考以巨资补贴生质燃料是否值得。 这些经费用来资助汽车和工厂，鼓励他们不分青红皂白采用公认有益环保的所 有这些燃料。2003年生效的「欧洲联盟生质燃料规章」，要求欧盟所有会员国 2010年前达到5.75%交通工具采用生质燃料的目标。这套规章现已重新检讨。 As a result, politicians in many countries are rethinking the billions of dollars in subsidies that have indiscriminately supported the spread of all of these supposedly eco-friendly fuels for vehicles and factories. The 2003 European Union Biofuels Directive, which demands that all member states aim to have 5.75 percent of transportation run by biofuel in 2010, is now under review. 总部在哥本哈根的欧洲环境局专家彼得．简森说：「妥善产制生质燃料， 可以减少温室效应气体排放。但这有很大部分要看是哪些植物及如何种植、如 何加工，最後，你可能比化石燃料少排放90%，或多排放20%。」 “If you make biofuels properly, you will reduce greenhouse emissions,” said Peder Jensen, of the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen. “But that depends very much on the types of plants and how they’re grown and processed. You can end up with a 90 percent reduction compared to fossil fuels－or a 20 percent increase.” 荷兰是绿色能源领袖，目前正带头致力辨别哪些生质燃料真正有益环境。 The Netherlands, a leader in green energy, is now leading the effort to distinguish which biofuels are truly environmentally sound. 荷兰政府、环保团体和荷兰一些「绿色能源」企业研拟追踪进口棕榈油产 地的计画，以便检证哪些产品是以负责任的方式生产。 The government, environmental groups and some of the Netherlands’ “green energy” companies are trying to develop programs to trace the origins of imported palm oil, to certify which operations produce the oil in a responsible manner. 在美国和巴西，生质燃料多半是乙醇（美国以玉米制造、巴西以甘蔗制造） ，用来驱动本来以汽油为燃料的汽车。在欧洲，生质燃料多半是当地油菜籽和 葵花油，用来制造柴油燃料。 In the United States and Brazil most biofuel is ethanol (made from corn in the United States and sugar in Brazil), used to power vehicles made to run on gasoline. In Europe it is mostly local rapeseed and sunflower oil, used to make diesel fuel. 植物油有少数未进一步提炼就用来代替柴油的例子。但随着许多欧洲国家 推动多用绿色能源，从热带进口植物油愈来愈多。 In a few instances, plant oil is used in place of diesel fuel, without further refinement. But as many European countries push for more green energy, they are increasingly importing plant oils from the tropics. 表面上看，支持采用生质燃油的环保方程式很简单：生质燃料因为是由植 物提炼，它们在生长时吸收碳，燃烧时释出碳，理论上等於中和了碳的排放。 On the surface, the environmental equation that supports biofuels is simple: Since they are derived from plants, biofuels absorb carbon while they are grown and release it when they are burned. In theory that neutralizes their emissions. 但在阿姆斯特丹主持「地球之友」组织反棕榈油运动的雷恩．柯雷顿说， 生质燃料未经充分研究，有关方面就赶着推动这项产业。 But the industry was promoted long before there was adequate research, said Reanne Creyghton, who runs Friends of the Earth’s campaign against palm oil here. 英国环保团体「生质燃料观察」支持暂停补贴，直到更多研究确定不同地 区的各种生质燃料是否都以无污染方式生产为止。 Biofuelswatch, an environment group in Britain, supports a moratorium on subsidies until more research can determine whether various biofuels in different regions are produced in a nonpolluting manner. 一些环保团体说，棕榈油无法以合理价格永续生产。他们表示，棕榈油现 在价格低廉，是因种植方法不顾环境且剥削劳工。 Some environmental groups say palm oil cannot be produced sustainably at reasonable prices. They say palm oil is now cheap because of poor environmental practices and labor abuses. Biox公司干部布林克曼说：「是的，棕榈油业一直有害群之马。」Biox是 一家新公司，计画在荷兰建三座棕榈油发电厂，电厂将使用公司在自有林地以 其所称负责任方式所种棕榈提炼的油。 “Yes, there have been bad examples in the palm oil industry,” said Arjen Brinkman, a company official at Biox, a new company that plans to build three palm oil electrical plants in Holland, using oil from palms grown on its own plantations in a manner that it says is responsible. 他说：「现在，显然要供应欧洲市场生质燃料和生质能源，必须证明你是 以永续方式生产，证明你产生较少的二氧化碳，而不是排放更多。」 “But it is now clear,” he said, “that to serve Europe’s markets for biofuel and bioenergy, you will have to prove that you produce it sustainably － that you are producing less, not more CO2.” By ELISABETH ROSENTHAL 原文参照 http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/30/business/biofuel.php 【2007-02-12/联合报/B6版/UNITED DAILY NEWS】 -- 赵客缦胡缨 吴钩霜雪明 银鞍照白马 飒沓如流星 十步杀一人 千里不留行 事了拂衣去 深藏身与名 闲过信陵饮 脱剑膝前横 将炙啖朱亥 持觞劝侯赢 三盃吐然诺 五岳倒为轻 眼花耳热後 意气素霓生 救赵挥金槌 邯郸先震惊 千秋二壮士 烜赫大梁城 纵使侠骨香 不惭世上英 谁能书合下 白首太玄经 李白 侠客行 --

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