课程名称︰生态学 课程性质︰必修 课程教师︰李培芬 开课学院：生命科学院 开课系所︰生命科学系 考试日期（年月日）︰2018/06/25 10:20-12:20 考试时限（分钟）：120分钟 试题 : A. Term explanation(20%, select 4) 01. Net primary production 02. SOI 03. Trophic cascade hypothesis 04. The SUESS effect 05. The hydrological cycle 06. Facilitation in sucession 07. Repeat photography B. Long essay(30%, 1 required and 1 select) 01. Ecologists used many research approaches to study ecological questions. Discuss these approaches and cite one example from the textbook for each. (required) 02. How does the spatial arrangement of habitat influence the presence and abundance of species? 03. Discuss the six hypotheses proposed by James H. Brown in 1988 to explain the latitude gradients of species richness. C. Multiple Choice Questions(50%) 01. Actual evapotranspiration for an ecosystem refers to the amount of water that A. is taken up from soils by plant roots. B. evaporates from soils. C. is transpired by plants. D. evaporates from soils plus the amount transpired by plants. E. could evaporates from soils, if they were kept wet at all times. 02. Actual evapotranspiration rates are highest in __________ climates. A. warm, moist B. cold, moist C. warm, dry D. cold, dry E. actual evapotranspiration rate is not affected by climate 03. Ozone plays an important role in shaping the environment for life on Earth because it A. absorbs visible radiation. B. emits ultraviolet radiation. C. absorbs ultraviolet radiation. D. reflects visible radiation. E. dissolves more readily than oxygen gas in seawater. 04. Carnivores that feed on herbivores(or on detritivores) are referred to as A. primary producers. B. primary consumers. C. secondary consumers. D. parasitoids. E. keystone species. 05. The low productivity of arctic tundra ecosystems results A. entirely because tundra has low evapotranspiration. B. entirely because tundra soils are low in nutrients. C. entirely because tundra soils retain water poorly. D. because tundra soils have low nutrients and retain water poorly. E. entirely because tundra has low evapotranspiration and low-nutrients soils. 06. The major source of nutrients in surface waters of the open ocean is A. mixing of subsurface with surface waters. B. deposition from the atmosphere. C. addition by ocean currents bringing nutrients from nearshore waters. D. decomposition of dead organic material. E. photosynthesis by planktonic. 07. When measuring the coastline of Taiwan, which of these rulers would give you the longest estimate of coastline length? A. 1 cm B. 10 cm C. 1 m D. 10 m E. 1 km 08. Primary production is lowest in which ecosystem? A. creosote bush desert B. annual grassland C. subalpine forest D. temperate deciduous forest E. tropical forest 09. The rate of leaf litter in woodlands can be strongly influenced by A. moisture. B. nitrogen conent. C. leaf toughness. D. All of the choices are correct. E. None of the choices are correct. 10. In aquatic ecosystems, leaves with high lignin content decompose A. rapidly because lignin is a nutrient-rich compound. B. rapidly because lignin enhances colonization by decomposing fungi. C. slowly because lignin reduces colonization by decomposing fungi. D. slowly because lignin is a carbon-poor compound. E. slowly because lignin-containing leaves sink rapidly. 11. Pocket gophers change the nitrogen cycle in prairies because they A. excavate nitrogen-rich subsoil to the surface. B. selectively remove nitrogen-fixing legumes from plant communities. C. bury nitrogen-rich organic material in their burrows. D. cultivate nitrogen-fixing bacteria in burrow chambers. E. excavate nitrogen-poor subsoil to the surface. 12. Nitrogen enrichment of ecosystems by human activity is largely driven by A. addition of nitrogen fertilizers. B. nitrogen pollution from burning of fossil fuels. C. nitrogen fixation by bacteria in landfills. D. both addition of nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen pollution from burning of fossil fuels. E. both addition of nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen fixation by bacteria in landfills. 13. Which statement about changing ecosystem properties during succession is false? A. biomass increases B. community respiration increases C. primary production increase D. soil depths decrease E. stream spiraling lengths decrease 14. A major perturbation of the carbon cycle by human activity is associated with A. release of carbon from carbon rocks. B. release of carbon from fossil fuel deposits. C. removal of carbon from the atmosphere in the industrial production of fertilizers. D. accelerated removal of carbon from the atmosphere by forests. E. respiratory production of CO2 by the large human population. 15. For Glanville fritillary butterflies in Finland, larger habitat patches (compared to smaller ones)support A. higher population sizes and higher population densities. B. higher population sizes but equal population densities. C. higher population sizes but lower population densities. D. equel population sizes, due to higher population densities. E. equel population sizes and equal population densities. 16. A community in which secondary succession is very rapid has A. high resistance. B. low resistance. C. high resilience. D. low resilience. E. high replication. 17. Primary succession is succession that A. involves establishment of primary producers where there were none. B. leads to establishment of a climax community dominated by primary producer. C. occurs on newly exposed geologic substrates, not organic soil. D. occurs where organic soils have been exposed but not destroyed by disturbance. E. occurs after fire or agricultural abandonment. 18. Birds on oceanic islands have highest diversity on A. large islands close to the mainland. B. large islands far from the mainland. C. small islands close to the mainland. D. small islands far from the mainland. E. small islands of recent geologic origin. 19. The equilibrium model of island biogeography explains diversity on islands as a balance between A. speciation and extinction. B. immigration and extinction. C. speciation and emigration. D. immigration and emigration. E. speciation and immigration. 20. __________ is the ability of a community or ecosystem to maintain structure in the face of potential disturbance. A. Resilience B. Elasticity C. Resistance D. Plasticity E. Flexibility 21. Which of the following gases contribute to warming of the Earth's surface through the greenhouse effect? A. carbon dioxide B. methane C. water vapor D. nitrous oxide E. All of the above 22. A large value of the patch shape index, S=P/(2√πA), indicates a A. shape near a circle, with a high perimeter-to-area ratio. B. shape near a circle, with a low perimeter-to-area ratio. C. very elongated shape, with a low perimeter-to-area ratio. D. very elongated shape, with a high perimeter-to-area ratio. E. None of the above. 23. Recent conversion of forests to beaver ponds and wet meadows A. is producing a novel landscape structure, because beavers have never been as numerous as they are now. B. is producing a novel landscape structure, because beavers previously exploited natural wetlands. C. is restoring prehistoric landscape structure. D. decreases nutrient levels in areas affected by beaver damming. E. increases nutrient levels in remaining forests, but not in beaver ponds. 24. MacArthur and Wilson hypothesized that larger islands would experience more extinction events because more species present means A. more chances for extinctions. B. more likelihood of competitive exclusion. C. smaller population size of each. D. All of the choices are correct. E. only more chances for extinctions and smaller population size of each. 25. A positive relationship between area and species diversity is commomly for A. oceanic islands. B. lakes. C. wooded mountaintops in the American Southwest. D. All of the choices are correct. E. None of the choices are correct. --

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