课程名称︰经济学原理与实习上 课程性质︰必修 课程教师︰骆明庆 开课学院：社会科学院 开课系所︰经济系 考试日期（年月日）︰103/11/14 考试时限（分钟）：110分钟 试题 : 经济学原理与实习上期中考 2014.11.14. 作答时请将题号标示清楚。 一、选择题(45%):不需说明，写出正确答案即可。 1. Betty's Bakery bakes fresh bread every morning. Any bread not sold by the end of the day is thrown away. A loaf of bread costs Betty $2.00 to produce, and she prices loaves of bread at $3.50 per loaf. Suppose near the end of one day Betty still has 12 loaves of bread on hand. Which of the following is correct? (a) Betty should only sell the remaining bread for $3.50 per loaf since that is the regular price. (b) Betty should only sell the remaining bread for $2.00 per loaf or more since that is what the bread costs to make. (c) Betty should be willing to sell the remaining bread for any price above $0 per loaf since she will have to throw it away if she does not sell it for something. (d) Betty should just throw the bread away and change the price of her bread starting tomorrow to make sure she sells all of her bread each day. 2. Suppose an economy produces two goods, food and machines. This economy always operates on its production possibilities frontier. Last year, it produced 1000 units of food and 47 machines. This year it experienced a technological advance in its machine-making industry. As a result, this year the society wants to produce 1050 units of food and 47 machines. Which of the following statements is correct? (a) Because the technological advance occurred in the machine-making industry, it will not be possible to increase food production without reducing machine production below 47. (b) Because the technological advance occurred in the machine-making industry, increases in output can only occur in the machine industry. (c) In order to increase food production in these circumstances without reducing machine production, the economy must reduce inefficiencies. (d) The technological advance reduced the amount of resources needed to produce 47 machines, so these resources could be used to produce more food. 3. In the early 19th century, the Russian government sent doctors to southern Russian villages to provide assistance during a cholera epidemic. The villagers noticed that wherever doctors appeared, people died. Therefore, many doctors were chased away from villages, and some were even killed. This reaction to the correlation between doctors and deaths is most likely a problem of (a) omitted variables. (b) reverse causality. (c) government propaganda. (d) medical incompetence. 4. Canada and the U.S. both produce wheat and computer software. Canada is said to have the comparative advantage in producing wheat if (a) Canada requires fewer resources than the U.S. to produce a bushel of wheat. (b) the opportunity cost of producing a bushel of wheat is lower for Canada than it is for the U.S. (c) the opportunity cost of producing a bushel of wheat is lower for the U.S. than it is for Canada. (d) the U.S. has an absolute advantage over Canada in producing computer software. 5. Suppose an increase in the price of rubber coincides with an advance in the technology of tire production. As a result of these two events, the demand for tires (a) decreases, and the supply of tires increases. (b) is unaffected, and the supply of tires decreases. (c) is unaffected, and the supply of tires increases. (d) None of the above is necessarily correct. 6. Pens are normal goods. What will happen to the equilibrium price of pens if the price of pencils rises, consumers experience an increase in income, writing in ink becomes fashionable, people expect the price of pens to rise in the near future, the population increases, fewer firms manufacture pens, and the wages of pen-makers increase? (a) Price will rise. (b) Price will fall. (c) Price will stay exactly the same. (d) The price change will be ambiguous. 7. For a particular good, a 2 percent increase in price causes a 12 percent decrease in quantity demanded. Which of the following statements is most likely applicable to this good? (a) There are no close substitutes for this good. (b) The good is a luxury. (c) The market for the good is broadly defined. (d) The relevant time horizon is short. 8. Suppose that when the price of wheat is $2 per bushel, farmers can sell 10 million bushels. When the price of wheat is $3 per bushel, farmers can sell 8 million bushels. Which of the following statements is true? The demand for wheat is (a) income inelastic, so an increase in the price of wheat will increase the total revenue of wheat farmers. (b) income elastic, so an increase in the price of wheat will increase the total revenue of wheat farmers. (c) price inelastic, so an increase in the price of wheat will increase the total revenue of wheat farmers. (d) price elastic, so an increase in the price of wheat will increase the total revenue of wheat farmers. 9. Suppose there is currently a tax of $50 per ticket on airline tickets. Sellers of airline tickets are required to pay the tax to the government. If the tax is reduced from $50 per ticket to $30 per ticket, then the (a) demand curve will shift upward by $20, and the price paid by buyers will decrease by less than $20. (b) demand curve will shift upward by $20, and the price paid by buyers will decrease by $20. (c) supply curve will shift downward by $20, and the effective price received by sellers will increase by less than $20. (d) supply curve will shift downward by $20, and the effective price received by sellers will increase by $20. 10.If the government removes a binding price floor from a market, then the price received by sellers will (a) decrease, and the quantity sold in the market will decrease. (b) decrease, and the quantity sold in the market will increase. (c) increase, and the quantity sold in the market will decrease. (d) increase, and the quantity sold in the market will increase. 11.Steak and chicken are substitutes. A sharp reduction in the supply of steak would (a) increase consumer surplus in the market for steak and decrease producer surplus in the market for chicken. (b) increase consumer surplus in the market for steak and increase producer surplus in the market for chicken. (c) decrease consumer surplus in the market for steak and increase producer surplus in the market for chicken. (d) decrease consumer surplus in the market for steak and decrease producer surplus in the market for chicken. 12.Kate is a personal trainer whose client William pays $80 per hour-long session. William values this service at $100 per hour, while the opportunity cost of Kates time is $75 per hour. The government places a tax of $10 per hour on personal trainers. After the tax, what is likely to happen in the market for personal training? (a) Kate andWilliam will agree to a new price somewhere between $85 and $100. (b) Kate andWilliam will agree to a new price somewhere between $70 and $110. (c) Kate will no longer offer personal training services to William because she must charge more than $100 in order to cover her opportunity costs and pay the tax. (d) The price will remain at $80, and Kate will pay the $10 tax. 13.Suppose a country begins to allow international trade in steel. Which of the following outcomes will be observed regardless of whether the country finds itself importing steel or exporting steel? (a) The sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus for domestic traders of steel increases. (b) The quantity of steel demanded by domestic consumers increases. (c) Domestic producers of steel receive a higher price for steel. (d) The losses of the losers exceed the gains of the winners. 14.The before-trade price of fish in Denmark is $10.00 per pound. The world price of fish is $6.00 per pound. Denmark is a price-taker in the fish market. If Denmark begins to allow trade in fish, its consumers of fish will become (a) better off, its producers of fish will become better off, and on balance the citizens of Denmark will become better off. (b) worse off, its producers of fish will become better off, and on balance the citizens of Denmark will become worse off. (c) worse off, its producers of fish will become better off, and on balance the citizens of Denmark will become worse off. (d) better off, its producers of fish will become worse off, and on balance the citizens of Denmark will become better off. 15.Suppose that Charles wants to dine at a fancy restaurant, but the only available table is in the smoking section. Charles dislikes the smell of cigarette smoke. He notices that only one person, Sam, is smoking in the smoking section. Charles values the absence of smoke at $40. Sam values the ability to smoke in the restaurant at $15. Which of the following represents an efficient solution in the absence of transaction costs? (a) Sam continues to smoke because he has a right to smoke in the smoking section. (b) Charles offers Sam between $15 and $40 not to smoke. Sam accepts, and both parties are better off. (c) Charles offers Sam between $15 and $40 not to smoke. Sam declines because he has a right to smoke in the smoking section. (d) Only a government policy banning smoking in restaurants will solve this problem. 二、非选择题(55%):答题时请适当说明你的想法，答案内容以让阅卷者了解为原则。 1. (15%) 请简要回答以下问题。 (a) (5%) 为什麽生产可能曲线会凹向原点，请解释并试举一例。又何时生产可能曲线 是直线? (b) (5%) 请由供给面和需求面分别说明，为什麽近年来世界各国等候器官移植的人越 来越多? (c) (5%) 劳退新制实施後规定雇主每月需额外提拨薪资的 6% 做为员工的退休金，这 会使得雇主的雇用成本上升。给定其他情况不变，如果此时我们观察到员工的薪 水平均也下降 6%，请问劳动市场中雇主和员工谁的价格弹性较大? 2. (10%) 台大的牛奶在目前的价格下供不应求，牛奶到货前总是现大批排队人潮，还引 起不少纷争。台大农产品中心为了消弭此一现象，想了两种解决方式:(1) 在目前价格 之下，想买的人抽签决定谁能买到; (2) 调高售价至供需均衡。 (a) (5%) 试以图形分析这两种方式之下的生产者剩余消费者剩余和总剩余，并分析哪 一种方式的总剩余较多。 (b) (2%) 现行排队的制度之下，谁较可能买到牛奶? (c) (3%) 根据 2014 年 10 月 31 日联合晚报，题为「抢台大鲜乳 学生、民众互呛」 的报导: 一早就到排队的林老先生説，昨天到场排队的台大学生，明明比他们晚到，却不説 分由把地上排的物品扫到一旁，口气又很差，台大学生不懂得敬老尊贤，书白念了 有人主张应该以长幼排序的「敬老尊贤」法来分配牛奶，请问「敬老尊贤」法是否 会是「有效率」的分配方法? 为什麽会有人主张「敬老尊贤」法? 3. (15%) 台南一中共有 2500 名学生，学校规定每位学生至少要买件制服。假设南一中制 服跟其他学校制服是完全不同的商品，在制服价格大於$100 时南一中学生不会想多买 几件备用，制服的供给曲线为 Q = 10P。 (a) (5%) 南一中制服的均衡价格与均衡数量为何? 请计算并画图表示巿场供需情形。 (b) (5%) 承(a)，此时政府若对学生补贴每件制服$50元，新的供需均衡为何? Deadweight Loss 为多少? 请计算并画图说明。 (c) (5%) 承(a)，若此时有校友热心捐献 5 件免费制服，请问新的均衡为何? 制服供 应商供应了几件制服? 制服供应商的生产者剩余有什麽变化? 请计算并画图说明。 4. (15%) 某热门课程深受学生欢迎，初选有 300 人选上。不过，开学後由大型敎室难觅 ，该课程修课人数必须减少为 150 人。假设学生可以分为三类，每类型学生各有 100 人。 A 类学生非常想修这门课，只愿接受至少 $3000 的代价後退选，我们称 $3000 为其「愿退价格」。B, C 两类学生的愿退价格则分别为 $1000 和 $100。 (a) (4%) 由「效率」的角度来看，这三类学生「应该」各有多少人退选? 此时这门课 为学生创造出来的总价值为多少? (b) (4%) 由於个别学生的「愿退价格」只有学生自己知道，且多数学生认为选课是学 生的权利，只好以抽签来决定退选学生。请问，每个学生被抽中退选的机率为何? 此时这门课创造出来的预期总价值为何? (c) (4%) 承(b)，假设未被抽中退选的学生可以取得一张「可转卖的授权码」，学生重 新上网凭授权码选课，并假设三类学生恰好都有 50 人抽中取得授权码。请问，此 时谁会卖出授权码? 谁会买入授权码? 交易价格为何? 这门课创造出来的总价值为 何? (d) (3%) 现行制度以年级决定选课顺位，髙年级的顺位较高。请问只有当学生所属类 别和年级之间的关系为何时，这个制度所决定的修课学生才会是「有效率」的? --

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