课程名称︰经济学原理与实习上 课程性质：必修 / 通识A5* 课程教师︰骆明庆 开课学院：社会科学院 开课系所︰经济学系 考试日期（年月日）︰96.01.15 考试时限（分钟）：110 是否需发放奖励金：是 （如未明确表示，则不予发放） 试题 : 一、选择题，回答正确选项即可，不须说明。每题2分，共40分。 1. For a profit maximizing monopolist (a)Price is equal to marginal revenue and marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. (b)Price is greater than marginal revenue and marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. (c)Price is greater than marginal revenue and marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost. (d)Price is equal to marginal revenue and marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost. 2. Suppose for a given firm with the usual cost structure (U-shaped ATC & AVC) MC=10 and ATC=5 when the firm is producing 10 units of output (q=10). Given this information, which of the following could possibly true? (a) ATC is falling and MC and ATC intersect at q=5. (b) ATC is falling and MC and ATC intersect at q=15. (c) ATC is rising and MC and ATC intersect at q=5. (d) ATC is rising and MC and ATC intersect at q=15. 3. Which of the following arguments supports the superiority of pollution taxes and tradable pollution permits to the standard regulatory approach? I. Regulation requires that the omniscient planner (economic god) have perfect knowledge of each firm's cost of pollution reduction to reach the efficient outcome. II. Regulation gives weaker incentives for firms to innovate in pollution reduction. III. Regulation ignores the fact that different firms can reduce pollution at different costs. (a) I, II and III (b) I and II only (c) II and III only (d) III only 4. If a firm is producing where P > ATC and MC > MR, then the firm is producing ______ output and is making _____ (a) Too much; profits (b) Too much; losses (c) Too little; profits (d) Too little; losses 5. In a competitive industry, entry and exit cause the long run industry quantity supplied to be ____ to price changes than is the short run quantity supplied. (a) More responsive (b) Less responsive (c) Equally responsive (d) It varies from industry to industry 6. Diminishing marginal product serves to have what effect on the shape of the production function? (a)The slope of the production function decreases as the quantity of the input increases. (b)The production function becomes steeper as the quantity of the input increases (c)The production function slopes downward. (d)The production function is horizontal beyond a certain quantity of the input. 7. If the marginal tax rate rises as income rises: (a)Higher income families, in general, pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes (b)Lower income families, in general, pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes. (c)A disproportionately large share of the tax burden falls unjustly upon the poor. (d)Higher income families pay the same percentage of their income in taxes as lower income families. 8. The tragedy of the commons refers to goods that are: (a) Excludable but not rivalrous (b) Rivalrous but not excludable (c) Neither rivalrous nor excludable (d) Both rivalrous and excludable 9. An industry's numerous price-taking firms collude to form an effective cartel (and act therefore, like a monopolist). Which of the following FALLS as a result of that action? I. Consumer Surplus II. Producer Surplus III. Social Surplus (a) I only (b) III only (c) II and III only (d) I and III only 10. In long run equilibrium in a monopolistically competitive industry, economic profits are _____ because of ______ (a) Positive; free entry into the industry (b) Zero; monopoly power (c) Positive; barriers to entry into the industry (d) Zero; free entry into the industry 11. Comparing perfect price discrimination to perfect competition one can conclude that: (a) Total social surplus is higher under perfect competition. (b) Total social surplus is lower under perfect competition (c) Producer surplus is lower and consumer surplus is higher under perfect competition. (d) Marginal revenue is equal to price under perfect competition but not under perfect price discrimination 12. What single value of X in the game below will result in Player #1's having a dominant strategy? (Note: (X, 6) means the payoff to player #1 is X and the payoff to player # 2 is 6.) Player #2 HIGH LOW Player HIGH (X, 6) (8, 10) # 1 LOW (2, 4) (X, 20) (a) 1 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) None of the above 13. Which of the following would cause a shift in the demand curve for labor? I. A change in productivity II. A change in wages III. A change in output prices (a) I and II only (b) II and III only (c) I and III only (d) I, II, and III 14. A firm's marginal product of labor is equal to 20/L，where L is the number of hours of labor hired. It the firm can sell its output for $10 per unit and the wage is $5 per hour, how many hours of labor should it hire? (a) 40 (b) 10 (c) 4 (d) 2 15. Horizontal equity in taxation refers to the idea that people (a) in unequal conditions should be treated differently (b) in equal conditions should pay equal taxes. (c) should be taxed according to their ability to pay. (d) should receive government benefits according to how much they have been taxed. 16. In the prisoner's dilemma, (a)the prisoners easily collude in order to achieve the best possible payoff for both. (b)only one player has a dominant strategy (c)playing the dominant strategy leads to a better payoff for one prisoner than would jointly selecting a different strategy. (d)each player has a dominant strategy. 17. Cecilia's Cafe is a monopolistic competitor. If Cecilia's is currently producing at the output level where her average total cost is minimized and the cafe is earning economic profits, then in the long run output will (a) decrease and average total cost will increase (b) decrease and average total cost will decrease. (c) remain unchanged as Cecilia's is doing the best it can (d) increase and average total costs will decrease. 18. Which of the following would make cheating on a collusive agreement more likely? (a) Greater ease of observing other firms' prices. (b) A reduction in the number of sellers in the market. (c) A greater resulting impact on the market price. (d) More frequent shifts in market demand. 19. Working in a slaughterhouse is much riskier than working in a bookstore. As a result, we'd expect a difference in wages between the two jobs, which is known as (a) an efficiency wage (b) a wage adjustment (c) a compensating differential. (d) a minimum wage. 20. What two main factors have raised U.S. income inequality recently? (a) technical change and increased labor union membership (b) increased labor union membership and higher tax rates (c) technical change and expanded international trade (d) lower tax rates and expanded international trade 二、非选择题，共60分。 答题时请务必简洁，并适当说明你的想法，计算题请说明推理过程， 答案内容以能让阅卷人了解为原则。 1. (20%) 若个别厂商生产稻米之总成本函数(total cost)为 TC = 0.1q^2 + 10 其中q为别厂商的产量。 (a) (4%) 短期时，厂商之平均成本（AC）和边际成本（MC）各是什麽？ (b) (3%) 假设稻米市场为一完全竞争市场，现在共有280家完全相同厂商，则市场的供给函数为何？ (c) (6%) 若市场的总需求是Q=4800 - 200P，则市场的均衡价格和交易量是多少？个别厂商的利润为 多少？ (d) (7%) 短期时个别厂商如果有利润存在，将吸引其他厂商进入稻米市场。请问稻米的长期均衡价 格和交易量为何？每家厂商的利润为何？每家厂商的产量为何？几家厂商进入？最终有几 家厂商？ 2. (20%) 假设有一独占厂商面对的市场需求线为QD=200 - P，其生产成本都与产量成正比，使得边 际成本（MC）与平均成本（AC）均为＄60(与产量无关），回答下列问题： (a) (6%) 在无法差别取价的情形之下，独占厂商的定价和产量为何？ (b) (4%) 承(a)，此时消费者剩余、生产者剩余和绝对损失（Deadweight Loss）各为多少？ (c) (4%) 现在，假设厂商可以在不花其他额外成本的情形下，执行完全差别取价 (perfect price discrimination)，此时市场交易量将为何？消费者剩余、生产者剩余和绝对损失 (dead weight loss）各为多少？ (d) (2%). 假设执行完全的差别取价需要花费额外的成本，例如监督消费者不得转卖、推测每位消费 者的愿付价格，并假设此一成本为固定的C，请问C的值在什麽范围时，独占厂商会决定 进行完全差别取价？ (e) (2%) 承(d),社会的角度来看，C的值在什麽范围时，就应该执行完全差别取价，以增加效率性。 (f) (2%) 承(e)，当C的值在什麽范围时，厂商是否执行完全差别取价的决策和社会最适 (social optimal）是冲突的？ 3. (20%) 位於Raccoon City的Umbrella企业为T病毒解药的独占厂商，假设它也是Raccoon City 唯一一家厂商，Raccoon City居民的劳动供给函数为Ls = 20000(W+1)， W为工资。假设 解药的生产函数为Q=2L^0.5，L为劳动人数，T病毒解药的市场需求函数为QD=1600-4P。 (a) (5%) 请说明边际成本函数为MC＝(WQ)/2。 (提示：先写出总成本，再导出边际成本) (b) (5%) Umbrella企业利润极大的产量和定价各是多少？(以w表示) (c) (5%) 承(b)，Umbrella企业的劳动需求函数为何？(劳动需求为w的函数) (d) (5%) 承(c)，劳动市场的均衡工资为何？就业人数为何？此时T病毒解药的产量与价格各为多少？ --

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