课程名称︰生理心理学 课程性质︰必带 课程教师︰赖文崧 开课学院：理学院 开课系所︰心理学系 考试日期（年月日）︰103/1/6 考试时限（分钟）：180 是否需发放奖励金：是 （如未明确表示，则不予发放） 试题 : 一、单选题：每题一分，共50分 1. The substance tetrodotoxin (TTX), found in the ovaries of pufferfish, is useful for studying the ionic mechanisms of the neuron because it ______. A.Directly stimulates neurons. B.Selectively blocks sodium channels. C.Seletively blocks potassium channels. D.Prevents ion channels from closing. 2. What is correct about an autoreceptor? A.It usually locates in postsynaptic membrane of nerve cells. B.Its key rule is to degrade transmitter molecules. C.It monitors the amount of transmitter molecules in a synaptic cleft. D.All of the above is true. 3. Migrating neurons are guided during migration by ______. A.radial glia B.oligodendrocytes C.Schwann cells D.astrocytes 4. According to your textbook or our curent understanding, which one of the following disorders is NOT directly related to intrinsic factors (genes) that affect brain development? A.William syndrome B.Fetal alcohol syndrome C.Autism D.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 5. Which of the following describes the blood-brain barrier? A.It is a property of the blood vessels of the brain that promotes the diffusion of nutrients into the tissue of the brain. B.It is a property of neurons that prevents them from accidentally releasing their neurotransmitters into the blood circulation. C.It is a part of the immune system that involves the release of antibodies to protect the brain from infectious agents. D.It is a part of the closely packed endothelial cells of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain. 6. ______ is a gene-manipulated process that cells die in a naturally occurring manner; on the other hand, ______ is a cell death process caused by external factors, such as injuries or toxins. A.necrosis; apoptosis B.apoptosis; mutagenesis C.mutagenesis; apoptosis D.apoptosis; necrosis 7. Virtually all general anesthetics are noncompetitive ______ at ______ receptors. A.Agonists; dopamine B.Antagonists; serotonin C.Agonists; GABA-A D.Antagonists; GABA-A 8. The GABA-A receptor is a ligand-gated ______ channel. A.calcium B.chloride C.sodium D.potassium 9. Which description about the genetic dissection of circadian rhythms is NOT correct? A.The Clock/Cycle dimer enhances the transcription of per and cry genes. B.It takes less than 24 hours to degrade the Period and Cryptochrome complex. C.Period and Cryptochrome proteins will combined together to inhibit the transcription of per and cry genes. D.Glutamate from the activated retinal ganglion cells can speed up the degradation of the complex. 10.Autopsy results from people who have died of fatal familial insomnia (FFI) show evidence of degeneration in the ______. A.thalamus B.locus coeruleus C.basal forebrain D.tuberomammilary nuclei 11.According to your textbook, aged rats that perform poorly on spatial tasks of learning and memory particularly show disruption of ______ neurons. A.Cholinergic B.Serotonergic C.Dopaminergic D.Glutamatergic 12.Which of the following brain region is NOT one of the prominent damaged sites in Korsakoff's syndrome? A.Cerebellum B.Mammilary bodies C.Basal frontal lobes D.Dorsomedial thalamus 13.Which brain area is mainly responsible for the loss of episodic memory? A.Cortex B.Amygdala C.Thalamus D.Hippocampus 14.The sex difference in hippocampal size that is apparent in ______ voles is hypothesized to be related to their ______ mating system. A.pine; monogamous B.pine; polygynous C.meadow; monogamous D.meadow; polygynous 15.In early selection models of attention, perceptual analysis and semantic meaning occurs A.after awareness. B.before sensory registration. C.after the attentional bottleneck. D.before the attentional bottleneck. 16.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sleep patterns in patients with depression? A.Excessive amounts of stages 3 and 4 SWS B.Increased amounts of REM in the first half of sleep C.Difficulty falling asleep D.Rapid onset of REM sleep 17.Mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are degernerative brain diseases caused by A.bacteria. B.virus. C.a retroviral infection. D.prions. 18.In normal subjects, the substance dexamethasone ______ A.increases levels of circulating cortisol. B.produces major peak periods of cortisol secretion in the blood. C.enhances the release of ACTH. D.suppresses cortisol levels in the blood. 19.An increase in the expression of the gene for beta-catenin in transgenic mice produces a(n) A.highly folded cortex. B.smooth cortex. C.decrease in the size of the frontal cortex. D.increase in the size of the frontal cortex. 20.According to your textbook, among primates, brain cortex size can be correlated with the size of ______. A.body weight B.social groups C.prey D.sexual organ 21.Which of the following is NOT a monoamine neurotransmitter? A.Acetylcholine B.Serotonin C.Epinephrine D.Dopamine 22.A drug that affects the function of a receptor without impeding the access of neurotransmitter molecules to their binding sites on the receptor is a A.competitive ligand. B.noncompetitve ligand. C.nonselective agonist. D.nonselective antagonist. 23.Which experimental method can detect the releasing neurotransmitter in awake, behaving animals? A.Microdialysis B.Self-administration C.In situ hybridization D.Autoradiography 24.The development of ______ tolerance may result in a change in the number of receptors present in the cell membrane. A.therapeutic B.metabolic C.functional D.cross- 25.Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to A.the "popping out" into awareness of a task-irrelevant item. B.the search for a sought-after item. C.relative suppression of processing of target stimuli that had recently been the focus of attention. D.the conscious inhibition of the feature search in a previously attended spatial location. 26.If drug A is found to bind to a certain type of receptor for longer than drug B does, then drug A is said to have greater binding ______. A.specificity B.potency C.selectivity D.affinity 27.______ is intended to explain two different phenomena: the advantage of sexual reproduction at the level of individuals, and the constant evolutionary arms race between competing species. A.Bottleneck effect B.The Baldwin effect C.Handicap principle D.The red queen hypothesis 28.The Baldwin effect means ______ A.a more frequent and continuous use of any organ gradually strengthens that organ. B.the evolution of anatomical and behavioral differences between males and females. C.individual's learning behavior could bring alternative in population evolution. D.population genetic diversity decreases sharply while a catastrophic event happen. 29.The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours is called A.circannual B.ultradian C.circadian D.infradian 30.Damage to the ______ in humans produces difficulties in suppressing unwanted reorientation of the eyes toward peripheral distracters. A.temporoparietal junction (TPJ) B.frontal eye field (FEF) C.pulvinar D.LIP 31.Which of the following about the effects of lesion the indirect route early in songbirds is true? A.There is no effect on song performance. B.Storage of the tutor song is inhibited. C.Song develops, but is disorganized. D.Song development is disrupted. 32.A test in which a safe, short-lasting local anesthetic is injected into one carotid artery to determine which cerebral hemisphere is the principlal mediator of language is called the ______ test. A.Wernicke B.Wada C.Broca D.temporary decortication 33.______ has been used to reduce epileptic seizures. This procedure has also revealed the differing language functions of different brain hemispheres or regions. A.mirror image therapy B.constraint-induced-movement therapy C.deep brain stimulation D.split-brain surgery 34.Prosopagnosia (Greek: "prosopon"="face", "agnosia"="not knowing") is caused by brain injury to the A.left visual cortex. B.left hippocampal system. C.right primary visual cortex. D.fusiform gyrus. 35.Which one of the following descriptions about anterograde labeling is wrong? A.It is from axon terminal to cell body. B.It is done by axonal transport. C.Allow the "mapping" of connections between neurons in a particular structure. D.Motor protein Kinesin is for anterograde axonal transport. 36.Song development in canaries and zebra finches depends on ______ A.maturation of the nervous system. B.lifelong exposure to the sounds of conspecifics. C.exposure to adult birdsong early in life, during a sensitive period. D.copying the songs of females. 37.Which of the following about Williams syndrome is true? A.caused by the spontaneous deletion of genetic material from the region q11.23 of chromosome 7 B.characterized by a distinctive, "elfin" facial appearance C.unusually cheerful and ease with strangers D.developmental delay coupled with strong language skill E.all of above are true 38.According to the facial feedback hypothesis, A.our sensory response is controlled by amygdala. B.emotional facial expression is universal. C.human language may be evolved from facial expression and hand gestures. D.our emotional experience is affected by our facial sensory feedback. 39.Patients with damage to the amygdala (such as Patient S.M.) ______. A.have poor intelligence B.do not feel or express a normal fear response C.exhibit strong startle response D.still can recognize fearful expressions in other people well 40.Which of the following techniques or methods can be used to repeatedly visualize dendritic changes in the living brain of the same mice undergoing fear conditioning? A.two-photon excitation microscopy B.functional magnetic resonance imaging C.event-related potential D.diffusion tensor imaging 41.Studies of soldiers training for parachute jumps revealed that an arry of autonomic and endocrine changes accompany such stressful experiences. Which of the following endovrine response is significantly decreased right before the day's jump? A.testosterone B.epinephrine C.cortisol D.dopamine 42.Paul MacLean argues that the limbic system can increase individual survival by ______. A.reducing energy consumption B.eliciting reactions to emergency events in the environment C.attracting to the opposite sex D.producing facial expressions 43.The restoration of sexual function in a castrated male treated with testosterone demonstrates the ______ of hormones. A.organization effect B.the Coolidge effect C.activational effect D.Bruce effect 44.______ secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland can inhibit male sexual behavior; ______ secreted by the posterior lobe of pituitary gland can promote ejaculation and vaginal contraction during sexual behavior. A.Oxytocin; prolactin B.Prolactin; oxytocin C.Vasopressin; oxytocin D.Oxytocin; vasopressin 45.Which brain area is NOT related to parenting behavior in rodents? A.Medial preoptic area (mPOA). B.Major histocompatibility complex (MHC). C.Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). D.Periaqueductal gray (PAG). 46.During mammalian sexual differentiation, the female internal reproduction tract develops from the ______. A.testes B.Mullerian duct system C.Wolffian duct system D.ovaries 47.Two pieces of the human genome are particularly useful in deciphering human history. One is the ______ comes from maternal and the other is the ______ comes from paternal. A.X chromosome; Y chromosome B.X chromosome; mitochondria DNA C.X chromosome; X chromosome D.mitochondria DNA; Y chromosome 48.What is the idea of homeostasis? A.sexual attraciton or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender B.have similar form or function, but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups C.existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different species D.organism is maintained in a relative constant internal environment by an array of mechanism in the body 49.Compared to hormones, the effects of neurotransmitters are generally A.more widespread in the body. B.more limited with respect to target sites. C.longer lasting. D.graded in strength. 50.If steroid hormones affect cell through binding nuclear receptors and with affecting gene expression is called A.glucose metabolism. B.aromatization. C.steroid receptor cofactors. D.genomic effects. 二、名词解释：每题2分，共30分 1. engram 2. neuroeconomics 3. narcolepsy 4. working memory 5. place cell 6. memory reconsolidation 7. psychoneuroimmunology 8. hypofrontality hypothesis 9. default mode network 10.optogenetics 11.Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 12.dylexia 13.neuroleptic 14.FOXP2 gene 15.suprachiasmatic nuclues (SCN) 三、简答申论题：每题8分，共32分 1.在进行认知神经科学相关研究时，常会使用到event-related potentials (ERP)及 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)这两种技术，请先说明这两种技术各 自为何?(2分) 再分别说明这两种技术的优缺点(4分)，并举出一个例子说明如果你要进 行何种实验时会使用到这种研究方法(择一)?为何使用这样的技术有助於回答你的问题? (2分) 2.试述何谓Hebbian rule? LTP (long-term potentiation)的发现如何提供一个实验证据 去说明Hebbian rule? 并具体详实地说明或以图示说明LTP形成之突触前後相关离子与 受体的改变机制。 3.请先列表或条列式说明以非人类之动物做为神经科学研究议题的对象有何优缺点，再来 请你从生物心理学家的角度，提出三个研究问题，第一个必须藉由人类以外的动物实验 才得以获得解答，第二个则是必须以人类做为受试，第三个则是无论人或动物都可以回 答的共通问题。请仔细说明该种受试对象选择的必然性，并且简单提出实验方法(包含 实验设计与技术)解决你自己提出的研究问题。 [如：探讨多巴胺神经细胞对酬赏学习之习得阶段的神经生理反应? 针对大鼠脑中之黑质体多巴胺神经细胞用单一神经元电生理记录方式，在操作制 约学习中的酬赏习得阶段，直接记录这些多巴胺神经细胞的电生理反应。] 4.Wernicke曾提过一个语言理论Connectionist perspective去解释失语，Geschwind将之 扩张成为一个disconnectino theory (loss of connections among brain region in the network)。请写出在这神经模型中，以下四种失语症(包括Broca aphasia, Wernicke aphasia, global aphasia, conduction aphasia)受损的脑区或部位为何? 所造成的语言缺陷或失语症分别有哪些不同的特徵以及语言认知功能上的影响?(例如： paraphasia, repetition, naming 等功能) (总分112) --

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