课程名称︰经济学原理与实习上 课程性质︰必修 / 通识A5* 课程教师︰骆明庆 开课学院：社会科学院 开课系所︰经济系 考试日期（年月日）︰97.11.14 考试时限（分钟）：110 是否需发放奖励金：是 （如未明确表示，则不予发放） 试题 : 请在答案卷上清楚地标明题号。 一、单选题, 回答正确选项即可, 不需说明。 每题3分, 共45分。 1.Based on what we know about the effects of mandatory seat belt laws, which of the following groups would be most likely to organize a campaign to repeal those laws? (a) Owners of collision-repair shops. (b) People who walk rather than drive. (c) Policemen who have better things to do than investigate collisions. (d) All of the above are correct. 2.Which of the following is an example of a positive statement? (a) Prices rise when the government prints too much money. (b) If welfare payments increase, the world will be a better place. (c) Inflation is more harmful to the economy than is unemployment. (d) When public policies are evaluated, the benefits to the economy of improved equity should be considered more important than the costs of reduced efficiency. 3.In a certain economy, peanuts and books are produced, and the economy currently operates on its production possibilities frontier. Which of the following events would allow the economy to produce more peanuts and more books, relative to the quantities of those goods that are being produced now? (a) Unemployed labor is put to work producing peanuts and books. (b) The economy puts its idle capital to work producing peanuts and books. (c) The economy experiences economic growth. (d) All of the above are correct. 4.Belarus has a comparative advantage in the production of linen, but Russia has an absolute advantage in the production of linen. If these two countries decide to trade, (a) Belarus should export linen to Russia.(b) Russia should export linen to Belarus. (c) trading linen would provide no net advantage to either country. (d) Without additional information about opportunity costs, this question cannot be answered. 5.An increase in the price of rubber coincides with an advance in the technology of tire production. As a result of these two events, (a) the demand for tires increases and the supply of tires decreases. (b) the supply of tires decreases and the demand for tires is unaffected. (c) the supply of tires increases and the demand for tires is unaffected. (d) none of the above is necessarily correct. 6.What will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of traditional camera film if traditional cameras become more expensive, digital cameras become cheaper, the cost of the resources needed to manufacture traditional film falls and more firms decide to manufacture traditional film? (a) Price will fall and the effect on quantity is ambiguous. (b) Price will rise and the effect on quantity is ambiguous. (c) Quantity will fall and the effect on price is ambiguous. (d) The effect on both price and quantity is ambiguous. 7.When quantity demanded has increased at every price, it might be because (a) the number of buyers in the market has decreased. (b) income has increased and this good is an inferior good. (c) the consumer prefers another good more than this good. (d) the price of a substitute good has increased. 8.Which of the following events would unambiguously cause a decrease in the equilibrium price of cotton shirts? (a) an increase in the price of wool shirts and a decrease in the price of raw cotton. (b) a decrease in the price of wool shirts and a decrease in the price of raw cotton. (c) an increase in the price of wool shirts and an increase in the price of raw cotton. (d) a decrease in the price of wool shirts and an increase in the price of raw cotton. 9.Suppose that when the price of corn is $2 per bushel, farmers can sell 10 million bushels. When the price of corn is $3 per bushel, farmers can sell 8 million bushels. Which of the following statements is true? (a) The demand for corn is income inelastic, and so an increase in the price of corn will increase the total revenue of corn farmers. (b) The demand for corn is income elastic, and so an increase in the price of corn will lincrease the total revenue of corn farmers. (c) The demand for corn is price inelastic, and so an increase in the price of corn will increase the total revenue of corn farmers. (d) The demand for corn is price elastic, and so an increase in the price of corn will increase the total revenue of corn farmers. 10.Suppose the government has imposed a price ceiling on televisions. Which of the following events could transform the price ceiling from one that is not binding into one that is binding? (a) Firms take advantage of an advance in technology that reduces the amount of labor necessary to produce televisions. (b) The number of firms selling televisions decreases. (c) Consumers’ income decreases, and televisions are a normal good. (d) All of the above are correct. 11.Orange juice and apple juice are substitutes. Bad weather that sharply reduces the orange harvest would (a) increase consumer surplus in the market for orange juice and decrease producer surplus in the market for apple juice. (b) increase consumer surplus in the market for orange juice and increase producer surplus in the market for apple juice. (c) decrease consumer surplus in the market for orange juice and increase producer surplus in the market for apple juice. (d) decrease consumer surplus in the market for orange juice and decrease producer surplus in the market for apple juice. 12.Buyers of a good bear the larger share of the tax burden when a tax is placed on a product for which (a) the supply is more elastic than the demand. (b) the demand in more elastic than the supply. (c) the tax is placed on the sellers of the product. (d) the tax is placed on the buyers of the product. 13.An inefficiency exists in any economy when a good is (a) not being consumed by buyers who value it most highly. (b) not distributed fairly among buyers. (c) not being produced by the highest-cost producer. (d) being produced with less than all available resources. 14. Suppose that Company A’s railroad cars pass through Farmer B’s corn fields. The railroad causes an externality to the farmer because the railroad cars emit sparks that cause $1,500 in damage to the farmer’s crops. There is a special soy-based grease that the railroad could purchase that would eliminate the damaging sparks. The grease costs $1,200. Suppose that the railroad is not liable for any damage caused to the crops. Assume that there are no transaction costs. Which of the followingcharacterizes the efficient outcome? (a) The railroad will continue to operate but will pay the farmer $1,500 in damages. (b) The railroad will purchase the grease for $1,200 and pay the farmer nothing because no crop damage will occur. (c) The farmer will incur $1,500 in damages to his crops. (d) The farmer will pay the railroad $1,200 to purchase the grease so that no crop damage will occur. 15.Suppose that an MBA degree creates no externality because the benefits of an MBA are internalized by the student in the form of higher wages. If the government offers subsidies for MBAs, then which of the following statements is correct? (a) The equilibrium quantity of MBAs will equal the socially optimal quantity of MBAs. (b) The equilibrium quantity of MBAs will be greater than the socially optimal quantity of MBAs. (c) The equilibrium quantity of MBAs will be less than the socially optimal quantity of MBAs. (d) There is not enough information to answer the question. 二、非选择题, 共55分。 答题时请务必简洁, 并适当说明你的想法, 答案以能让阅卷者了解为原则。 1. (10分) 请回答以下问题。 (a)(5分) 请分别由供给面和需求面说明, 为什麽近年来世界各国等候器官移植的人越来越多? (b)(5分) 课本第七章讨论市场效率时, 说明市场均衡由「消费者剩余」和「生产者剩余」所构成 的「总剩余」达到最大, 此时市场是 efficient。 请问, 上述推论过程中, 我们认为 「剩余」(surplus) 具有哪三种特性? 2.(15分) 假设梨子的供给为Qs =0.5P+100, 需求为Qd = -4.5P+300。 (a)(2分) 均衡价格与数量为何? (b)(1分) 如果不管市价多少, 政府保证收购50单位, 请问政府对梨子需求的价格弹性是多少? (c)(4分) 承上, 在政府保证收购50单位的政策下, 均衡价格是多少? 交易量是多少? 其中有多少单位为消费者购买? 政府收购支出是多少? (d)(4分) 假设政府放弃保证收购政策, 改用补贴政策, 消费者每买 1 单位的梨子, 可以得到 $20 补贴, 请问消费者付出的价格, 农夫收到的价格, 和梨子的交易量各是多少? 此时政府的补贴支出为多少? (e)(2分) 承 (d) 小题, 相较於没有补贴的情况, 请问 deadweight loss 有多少? (f)(2分) 若政府取消补贴政策, 认为台湾的梨子太多, 为抑制梨子产业, 改对农夫课税, 每卖出1单位梨子, 要课 $20 的税。 请问 deadweight loss 有多少? 与上一小题答案是否相同? 3.(15分) 假设香蕉的供给为Qs =0.5P+100, 需求为Qd= -4.5P+300。 (a)(3分) 假设国际市场上香蕉的价格为$20, 若香蕉可以自由进出口, 请画出新的国内供给。 此时, 台湾会进口多少香蕉? 国内香蕉价格是多少? (b)(4分) 承上, 开放进口後, 政府为了保护蕉农, 对香蕉进口课关税, 每进口1单位香蕉课$10 关税, 请画出新的国内供给线。 台湾会进口多少香蕉? 国内香蕉价格是多少? 政府关税收入是多少? 与 (a) 小题相比 deadwight loss 是多少? (c)(4分) 假设开放进口後, 政府为了保护蕉农, 不课关税, 改成进口配额限制为50单位。 请画出新的国内供给线。 请问台湾会进口多少香蕉? 国内香蕉价格是多少? 与 (a) 小题相比 deadweight loss 是多少? (d)(1分) 承 (c) 小题, 若政府将进口配额拍卖, 请问代理商最多愿意为每单位进口配额付多少钱? (e)(3分) 若政府将进口配额放宽到100单位, 请问台湾会进口多少香蕉? 国内香蕉价格是多少? 与 (a) 小题相比 deadweight loss 是多少? 4.(15分) 林园工业区有三家工厂, 其目前污染量和降低污染的成本如下: 目前 降低1单位 厂商 污染量 污染所需成本 甲厂商 50 单位 $35 乙厂商 70 单位 $45 丙厂商 90 单位 $50 为了拯救地球, 政府想要将林园工业区的总污染量降为150单位, 因此发给每家厂商50单位之可以交易的污染许可 (tradable pollution permit)。 请问: (a)(4分) 完成污染许可交易之後, 每个厂商各排放多少污染? (b)(4分) 哪些厂商将出售污染许可, 卖出多少? 哪些厂商购买污染许可, 买进多少? (c)(3分) 此时, 三家厂商共花多少成本来降低污染? (d)(4分) 有人主张人类没有污染环境的权力, 要求政府禁止污染许可的交易。 假设政府真的禁止厂商之间污染许可的交易, 那麽三家厂商用於降低污染的总成本为多少? 较 (c) 小题的总成本高或低多少? --

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