课程名称︰经济学原理与实习上 课程性质︰必修兼通识A5 课程教师︰骆明庆 开课学院：社科院 开课系所︰经济系 考试日期（年月日）︰2012.1.9 考试时限（分钟）：110 是否需发放奖励金：yes （如未明确表示，则不予发放） 试题 : 一、选择题(45%):不须说明，写出正确答案即可。 1.When a good is rival in consumption, (a)one person's use of the good diminishes another person's ability to use it. (b)people can be prevented from using the good. (c)no more than one person can use the good at the same time. (d)everyone will be excluded from obtaining the good. 2.Stacy places a $20 value on a bottle of wine, and Andrea places a $17 value on it. The equilibrium price for a bottle of wine is $15. Suppose the government levies a tax of $1 on each bottle of wine, and the equilibrium price of a bottle of wine increases to $16. Because total consumer surplus has (a)fallen by more than the tax revenue, the tax has a deadweight loss. (b)fallen by less than the tax revenue, the tax has no deadweight loss. (c)fallen by exactly the amount of the tax revenue, the tax has no deadweight loss. (d)increased by less than the tax revenue, the tax has a deadweight loss. 3.Which of the following statements is correct? (a)If marginal cost is rising, then average total cost is rising. (b)If marginal cost is rising, then average variable cost is rising. (c)If average variable cost is rising, then marginal cost is minimized. (d)If average total cost is rising, then marginal cost is greater than average total cost. 4.When firms are neither entering nor exiting a perfectly competitive market, (a)total revenue must equal total variable cost for each firm. (b)economic profits must be zero. (c)price must equal total variable cost for each firm. (d)Both (a) and (c) are correct. 5.In the long run (a)monopolistically competitive firms earn a higher profit than perfectly competitive firms because monopolistically competitive firms have some monopoly power. (b)monopolistically competitive firms produce a higher output than perfectly competitive firms because competition drives the perfectly competitive firm'soutput down. (c)both monopolistically competitive and perfectly competitive firms produces where P = MC. (d)both monopolistically competitive and perfectly competitive firms produce where P = ATC. 6.A dominant strategy is one that (a)makes every player better off. (b)makes at least one player better off without hurting the competitiveness of any other player. (c)increases the total payoff for the player. (d)is best for the player, regardless of what strategies other players follow. 7.Monopoly firms have (a)downward-sloping demand curves and they can sell as much output as they desire at the market price. (b)downward-sloping demand curves and they can sell only a limited quantity of output at each price. (c)horizontal demand curves and they can sell as much output as they desire at the market price. (d)horizontal demand curves and they can sell only a limited quantity of output at each price. 8.Which of the following statements is correct? An individual worker's labor supply curve (a)can never be backward sloping. (b)slopes backward if that person responds to a higher wage by taking fewer hours of leisure per week. (c)slopes backward if that person responds to a higher oppportunity cost of leisure by working fewer hours per week. (d)slopes upward if that person works the same number of hours per week, regardless of the opportunity cost of leisure. 9.A difference in wages between a highly-educated worker and a less-educated worker is (a)may be due to a difference in the amounts of human capital between the workers. (b)may be a signal that the market is indifferent to a worker's level of human capital. (c)considered unfair by economists. (d)considered unfair by everyone. 10.If firms are competitive, then labor-market discrimination (a)cannot exist in either the short run or the long run. (b)will be more of a problem than if the market were monopolistic or imperfectly competitive. (c)likely will not be a long-run problem unless customers exhibit discriminatory preferences or government maintains discriminatory policies. (d)likely will be more of a problem in the long run than in the short run due to the zero-profit condition that characterizes long-run equilibrium for competitive firms. 11.When the government redistributes income to achieve greater equality, it (a)distorts incentives. (b)improves efficiency. (c)focuses on middle income brackets. (d)relies on foreign aid to help balance the budget. 12.Which of the following statements is correct? (a)The United States has a more equal distribution of income than other developed countries such as Japan and Germany. (b)The statement "a rising tide lifts all boats" illustrates how economic growth reduces the number of people with income levels below the poverty line. (c)The economic life cycle explains why people base spending decisions on transitory income. (d)The libertarian political philosophy follows the maximin criterion. 13.On hot summer days, electricity-generating capacity is sometimes stretched to the limit. At these times, electric companies may ask people to voluntarily cut back on their use of electricity. An economist would suggest that (a)every electric customer has an incentive to prevent the system from overloading, so this voluntary approach is the most efficient. (b)it would be more efficient if the electric company raised its rates for electricity at peak times. (c)it would be more efficient to have a lottery to dicide who had to cut back their use of electricity at peak times. (d)it would be more efficient to have a lottery to decide who had to cut their usage of electricity by the same amount. 14.When price is below average variable cost, a firm in a competitive market will (a)shut down and incur fixed costs. (b)shut down and incur both variable and fixed costs. (c)continue to operate as long as average revenue exceeds average fixed cost. (d)a regressive tax attempts to achieve horizontal equity. 二、非选择题(55%): 答题时请适当说明你的想法，计算题请说明推理过程，答案内容以让批改者了解为原则。 1.(15%)请简要回答以下问题。 (a)(5%)请问以下叙述是否正确? 如果所得税制为累退税(regressive tax),则此一税制必然违反水平公平 (horizontal iquity)和垂直公平(vertical equity)原则。 (b)(5%)假设在某个产业，男性员工不喜欢和女性员工一起工作。假设男性和女性的 生产力皆相同，这种员工歧视行为是否可能造成女性员工的薪资较男性低? (提示:假设这种薪资差距真的存在，追求利润最大的企业家该怎麽做?) (c)(5%)请根据底下的资料，利用罗伦兹曲线(Lorenz Curve)的观念，判断哪一国的 所得分配较不平均? 家户累积百分比 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% A国所得累积百分比 6% 18% 38% 66% 100% B国所得累积百分比 4% 14% 34% 61% 100% 2.(16%)假设独占性竞争(monopolistically competitive)市场中，厂商的长期及短期 成本函数皆为TC = 8 - 4Q + 2Q^2。由成本函数可推出厂商甲的边际成本函数为 MC = -4 + 4Q。 (a)(4%)短期十该厂商面对的需求函数为P = 20 - 6Q，试求其最适定价及产量。 (b)(3%)承(a)，此时厂商甲的利润为何? (c)(6%)到了长期，其他厂商可自由进出市场，所以该厂商面对的需求线因此平行移动 而变成P = a - 6Q，请问在长期均衡时，a之值为何?厂商甲的订价、产量 各是多少? (d)(3%)承(c)，此时利润为何? 3.(16%)柯达与富士达制造底片，假设市场上无其他竞争对手，只有此两大厂。每个年度 两大厂分别可选择生产50单位、75单位或100单位三种等级的产出水准。而产业利润 视两厂厂量而定，请参考下表。且两厂利润依生产量占产业产量的比率为定，例如: 如柯达生产100单位，而富士康生产75单位，则产业总产量为175单位，此时产业利润为 $21元，柯达利润为21*100/176 = $12元,富士为$9元。请回答下列问题: 总供给量 100 125 150 175 200 产业利润 $32 $35 $30 $21 $10 (a)(%)指袄绿单一年度，请将此问题以报酬矩阵(payoff matrix)表示出来。 (b)(%)承上。各自决策的情况下，请找出Nash equilibrium。 (c)(%)承上。现在柯达与富士有一个合作协商的机会，若由上小题的均衡点出发，请问 双方合作下的产量各是多少? (d)(%)为了确保对手永远不会背叛合作协商，双方宣布以下策略:如果有人背叛，则在 下一年度将不计盈亏生产100单位。请问这样的策略是否能确保双方合作。 4.(8%)假设小岛上北部和南部生产樟脑的生产函数不同，分别是 QN = 2√LN QS = LS/10 因此劳动边际生产力(MPL)分别为MPLN = 1/√L以及MPLS = 1/10。其中QN、QS分别 代表北部与南部的樟脑产量。LN、LS代表北部与南部的劳动人口。北部樟脑的价格为%20， 南部樟脑价格为$10。此外，北部的劳动人口为100，南部劳动人口为400。全岛樟脑的 劳动人口为500人。 (a)(4%)若人口不能自由移动，请问均衡时北部与南部的工资各为何? (b)(4%)若人口可以自由移动，其他情况不变下，请问均衡时北部与南部的工资各为何? 五十北部与南部的劳动人口是多少? --

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