课程名称︰社会科学研究方法下 课程性质︰系必修 课程教师︰赖守诚 开课学院：生农学院 开课系所︰生传系 考试日期（年月日）︰100/4/21 考试时限（分钟）：100分钟 是否需发放奖励金：是 （如未明确表示，则不予发放） 试题 : 一、专业英文中译(共十小题，占50%): 1. Social theory can be defined as a system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge about the social world. ...One of the major functions of theory is to order experience with the help of concept. It also selects relevant aspects and data among the enormous multitude if "facts' that confront the investigator of social phenomena. ...Researchers focus on theoretical explanation,a logical argument that tells why something occurs. 2.A positivist approach implies that a researcher begins with a cause-effect relationship that he or she logically derives from a possible causal law in general theory. He or she logically links the abstract ideas to precise measurements of the social world. ...These processes lead to an empirical test of and comfirmation for the laws of social life as outlined in a theory. 3.All researchers use two processes:conceptualization and operationalization in measurement. Conceptualization is the process developing clear,rigorous , systematic conceptual definitions for abstract ideas/concepts. A conceptual definition is a definition in abstract,theoretical terms. It refers to other ideas or construct. ...Operationalization links a conceptual definition to a specific set of measurement techniques or procedures,the construct's operational definition(i.e.,a definition in terms of the specific operations or actions a researcher carries out). 4.A common error when writing a first literature review is to list summaries of articles,one study after another. This indicates an imcomplete process that stopped before synthesis. ...Your goal is to produce a compact document that clearly summarizes what many studies say about a research question. ...A good literature review communicates its purpose to the reader by its organization. If you write a review by listing a series of summaries,you fail to communicate a sense of purpose. 5.If you cannot locate a computerized random number generator to create a pure random sample,there is a quasi-random method,systematic sampling. ...You still must number each element in the sampling frame as in a simple random sample,but instead of using a pure random process to create a list of random sample,you calculate a sampling interval. It tells you how many elements to skip in the sampling frame befor you pick one for your sample. 6.Research is less a single thing than an ongoing process. The process has multiple parts or steps and adheres to gudelines. the parts come together and ultimately yield a product. The product of the research process is knowledge or information. In other words,research results are answers to questions. ...Good research also stimulates new thinking and raises new questions, questions that you would not have imagined until you did the research. 7.Each research approach has its own set of philosophical assumptions and principle and its own stance on how to do research. ...They prescibe what good social research involves, justify why one should do research,relate values to research,and guide ethical behavior. ...The approaches are similar to a research program,research tradition,or scientific paradigm. A paradigm,an idea made famous by Kuhn,means a basic orientaion to theory and research. 8.Mechanical model of man refers to a model of human nature used in positivist socal science stating that observing people's external behaviors and documenting outside forces acting on them are sufficient to provide adequate explamations of human thought and action. ...The interpretive approach holds that social life is based on socially constructed meaning. Constructionist orientation is an orientation toward social reality that assumes the beliefs and meaning people create and use fundamentally shape what reality is for them. 9.Because existing statistical data are easily accessible,you may be able to get a lot of data on an issue you know little about. This can lead to erroneous assumptions or false interpretations of results. Before using any data,you should become informed about the topic. ...The ecological fallacy happens when your research question is about a lower-small unit of analysis (such as individual behavior) but you only have data on a higher-larger unit of analysis (an entire state). 10.Qualitative researchers focus more on how the sample or small collection of cases,units,or activities illuminates social life. The primary purpose of sampling is to collect specific cases,events,or actions that can clarify and deepen understanding. ...The logic and power of purposive sampling lies in selecting information-rich cases for study in depth. Information-rich cases are those from which one can learn a great deal about issues of central importance to the purpose of the inquiry. 二，专业名词解释(共10小题，占50%); *每题作答总字数请以100字中文为基准。 1.critical thinking 2.ideal type 3.critical social science 4.snowball sampling 5.manifest coding and latent coding 6.empirical social research 7. content analysis 8.interpretative social science 9.nomothetic vs. idiographic 10.causal explanation --

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