课程名称︰经济学原理与实习上 课程性质︰必修兼通识A5 课程教师︰骆明庆 开课学院：社科院 开课系所︰经济系 考试日期（年月日）︰2011.1.10 考试时限（分钟）：110 是否需发放奖励金：yes （如未明确表示，则不予发放） 试题 : 经济学原理与实习上期末考 2011.1.10. 请记得写上学号、系级、姓名。 一、选择题(45%):不须说明，写出正确答案即可。 1.A lighthouse might be considered a private good if (a)there is a second lighthouse nearby, thus preventing a monopoly. (b)the owner of the lighthouse is able to exclude beneficiaries from receiving the benefits of the lighthouse. (c)ships are able to enjoy the benefits of the lighthouse without paying the benefit. (d)a nearby port authority is able to avoid paying any fees to the lightgouse owner. 2.Suppose that in 2015 the average citizen's federal tax bill is $10,277, and total federal spending is $9,973 perperson. In 2015, the federal governmnent will have (a)a budget surplus. (b)a budget deficit. (c)horizontal equity. (d)vertical equity. 3.Because the marginal tax rate rises as income rises, (a)higher income families, in general, pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes. (b)lower income families, in general, pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes. (c)a disproportionately large share of the tax burden falls upon the poor. (d)higher income families pay the same percentage of their income in taxes as lower-income families. 4.Profit-maximizing firms enter a competitive market when existing firms in that market have (a)total revenues that exceed fixed costs. (b)total revenues that exceed total variable costs. (c)average total costs that exceed average revenue. (d)average total costs less than market price. 5.A profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market is currently producing 200 units of output. It has average revenue of $9 and average total cost of $7. It follows that the firm's (a)average total cost curve interects the marginal cost curve at an output level of less than 200 units. (b)average variable cost curve intersects the marginal cost curve at an output level of less than 200 units. (c)profit is $400. (d)All of the above are correct. 6.Suppose when a monopolist produces 75 units its average revenue is $10 per unit, its marginal revenue is $5 per unit, its marginal cost is $6 per unit, and its average total cost is $5 per unit. What can we conclude about this monopolist? (a)The monopolist is currently maximizing progits, and its total profits are $375. (b)The monopolist is currently maximizing profits, and its total profits are $300. (c)The monopolist is not currently maximizing profits; it should produce more units and charge a lower price to maximize profits. (d)The monopolist is not currently maximizing profits; it should produce fewer units and charge a higher price to maximize profits. 7.Product differentiation in monopolistically competitive markets ensures that, for profit-maximizing firms, in the short-run, (a)marginal revenue will equal average total cost. (b)price ill exceed marginal cost. (c)marginal cost will exceed average revenue. (d) average variable cost will be declining. 8.A monopolistically competitive firm (a)charges a price that is equal to marginal cost. (b)experiences a zero profit in the long run. (c)produces at the efficient scale in the long run. (d)All of the above are correct. 9.Assume that Apple Computer has entered into an enforceale resale price maintenance agreement with Computer Super Stores Inc. (CSS Inc.) and Wal-Mart. Which of the following will always be true? (a)The wholesale price of Apple computers will be different for CSS Inc. than it is for Wal-Mart. (b)Wal-Mart will benefit from customers who go to CSS Inc. for information about different computers. (c)CSS Inc. will sell Apple computers at a lower price than Wal-Mart. (d)Wal-Mart and CSS Inc. will always well Apple Computers for exactly the same price. 10.Bill is trying to convince the owner of a pizza shop to hire him. He argues that he could help the shop sell an additional five pizzas per day at the market price of $8 each. If the facts are not in dispute, but the owner does not hire him, then (a)the wage rate must be less than $40 per day. (b)hiring Bill would involve a negative marginal product. (c)the wage rate must be more than $40 per day. (d)the wage rate must be less than $8 per day. 11.The negative slope of the value of marginal product curve is most easily explained by (a)tight labor markets. (b)a surplus of workers. (c)diminishing marginal product. (d)diminishing marginal cost. 12.If an employer's behavior is supportive of the theory of efficiency wages, the employer would (a)raise wages in an effort to increase worker effort. (b)raise wages in an effort to increase worker turnover. (c)decrease wages in an effort to increase worker effort. (d)decrease wages in an effort to increase worker turnover. 13.Store clerks are known to have low wages. This is likely to be reflect the fact that (a)store clerk jobs are perceived to be relatively easy, thus attracting low- skill workers. (b)store clerk jobs are perceived to be relatively difficult, thus attracting high-skill workers. (c)many people perceive the job of store clerk as having significant risk of death on the job. (d)store clerks are required to have a college degree. 14.The Tragedy of the Commons occurs because (a)government property is most heavily used by the wealthy. (b)everyone deserves an equal share of government property. (c)social and private incentives differ. (d)established property rights create competion. 15.Hapland and Genoshia have just started to trade with each other. Hapland exports goods produced with skilled labor and impots goods made with unskilled labor from Genoshia. Over time, we would expect that the wages of skilled labor in Hapland will (a)rise, and the wages of unskilled labor in Hapland will fall. (b)fall, and the wages of unskilled labor in hapland will rise. (c)rise, and the wages of unskilled labor in Hapland will rise. (d)fall, and the wages of unskilled labor in Hapland will fall. 二、非选择题(55%): 答题时请适当说明你的想法，计算题请说明推理过程，答案内容以让批改者了解为原则。 1.(15%)叶教授本学期开设一门经济学原理课程，修课学生的成绩决定於一份两人一组的 学期报告。报告的品质完全决定於学生的努力程度，若两个组员都很努力，可以做出一份 品质好的报告;若一人努力一人不努力，报告品质中等;若两人都不努力，报告品质差。 叶教授正在考虑该用哪种评分制度，他心中有两个腹案:严格标准(好:90分,中等:70分, 差:50分)和宽松标准(好:90分,中等:80分,差:70分)。如果努力写报告，学生会感到痛苦， 痛苦程度相当於成绩被扣15分。 (a)(4%)友志和大风都修了叶教授的经原，并决定一起写学期报告。假设叶教授采用严格 标准评分，请问两人是否有优势策略(若有，请写出)?此时Nash均衡为何? (b)(4%)承上题，假设叶教授改采宽松标准，请问两人是否有优势策略(若有，请写出)? 此时Nash均衡为何? (c)(4%)如果叶教授希望学生努力做报告，则他应该使用哪种评分标准?如果叶教授希望 学生得到较好的报酬，则他应该使用哪种评分标准? (d)(3%)在哪种评分制度下，叶教授会让学生陷入囚犯两难(prisoner's dilemma)? 2.(15%)桃花源的桃子产业唯一完全竞争市场，市场需求为Q = 4800 - 200P。假设个别 桃农生产桃子的总生产函数为TC(q) = q^2 + 100, 由总成本可以算出边际成本MC(q) = 2q , 其中q为个别桃农的产量。 (a)(3%)现在桃花源共有80个桃农，请问市场的短期供给函数为何?桃子的均衡价格和交易 量个是多少? (b)(3%)承上题，个别厂商的产量和利润各是多少?桃子市场是否处於长期均衡? (c)(4%)假设政府为了照顾桃农生计，决定给予每个桃农$36的补助。此一政策执行後， 桃子的短期均衡和交易量将如何变化?每个桃农的产量和利润各为多少?此一政策 在短期是否会造成无谓损失? (d)(5%)承上题，假设政府长期实施这样的补贴政策。请问桃子的长期均衡价格和交易量 为何?个别桃农的产量和利润各是多少?最终市场中会有几家厂商?此一政策是否 会造成无谓损失? 3.(15%)假设某途站厂商生产函数是Q = √L, 其投入要素的成本为C = L/2 + 100, 市场需求函数是 P = 120 - Q, Q是市场的总需求量。 (a)(4%)请先计算此独占厂商的总成本，平均总成本，平均变动成本以及边际成本。所有 的成本都必须是产量的函数。 (b)(4%)独占厂商最适的产量和定价分别为何?厂商利润是多少? (c)(4%)以效率的角度来说，社会最适的产量应是多少?独占造成多少无谓损失? (d)(3%)若独占厂商可以执行完全差别定价，请问完全差别定价下厂商的利润为何? 4.(10%)小鸿的生技公司生产保健产品，生产药品的过程需要由经理和工程师依同合作 才能完成。生技公司的生产函数如下表: 经理 工程师 1单位 2单位 3单位 1单位 10 12 13 2单位 12 15 16 3单位 13 16 18 上表表达劳动投入与产出之间的关系。例如，小鸿雇用1单位经理与2单位工程师的话， 产量为12单位;若是用两单位经理与3单位工程师的话，产量为16单位。以此类推。 市场上经理的薪资水准为每单位$20, 而工程师的薪资为每单位$10。小鸿的产品每单位 可卖$8。 (a)(5%)小鸿的公司目前有1单位的经理与1单位的工程师，请问小鸿再多雇用1单位工程师 的边际产值(value of the marginal product)是多少?再多雇用1单位经理的边际 产值是多少?小鸿目前是否已达最适的产量? (b)(5%)若小鸿雇用2单位的工程师以及2单位的经理，这样是否为最适的雇用量? --

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