课程名称︰普通生物学乙上 课程性质︰必修 课程教师︰施秀惠 开课学院：医学院 开课系所︰药学系 考试日期（年月日）︰99/11/22 考试时限（分钟）：120分钟 是否需发放奖励金：是 （如未明确表示，则不予发放） 试题内容： 一、是非题(每题2分，计40分；对於以下各叙述，正确的请打O，错误的请打X) 1. Gravity has a significant effect on blood pressure, so fainting is helpful by quickly increasing blood flow to one's brain when the blood pressure is too low to provide adequate blood flow. 2. The filtrate in Bowman’s capsule is a mixture that contains salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes and mirrors the concentrations of these substances in blood plasma. 3. When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into bilayers that shield their hydrophobic portions from water. 4. Trans fats may contribute more than cis and saturated fats to atherosclerosis. 5. Uncontaminated rain has a pH of about 5.6, slightly acidic, owing to the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water. 6. Amino acids are organic molecules possessing both carbonyl and amino groups. 7. Birds and mammals are mainly endothermic, meaning that they are warmed mostly by heat from external sources. 8. In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on specific traits of pathogens using a vast array of receptors. 9. The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across moist respiratory surfaces takes place by either diffusion or active transport depending on animal species and their habitats. 10. All the antigen receptors on a particular B cell are identical and bind identical antigens, but those on a particular T cell are different and bind different antigens. 11. Kangaroo rats, which live in desert, gain water mainly from cellular metabolism and loses the largest fraction of it in urine. 12. Sickle-cell disease is caused by the substitution of one polar amino acid for the normal nonpolar one at a particular position in the primary structure of hemoglobin. 13. When blood osmolarity raises, more angiostensinis is released into the bloodstream, and it will act on the collecting duct of the kidney to promote increased reabsorption of water. 14. The lymphocyte diversity is generated by gene rearrangement after encounter with pathogens. 15. Excesses of vitamin B complex are deposited in body fat, so overconsumption may result in accumulating toxic levels of these compounds. 16. The molecular logic of life is simple but elegant: Small molecules common to all organisms are ordered into unique macromolecules. 17. Water is one of the few substances that are less dense as a solid than as a liquid. 18. Humans is most developed countries have an unusually low average daily metabolic rate or about 1.5 times BMR ─ an indication of their relatively sedentary lifestyles. 19. Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization. 20. The epithelial tissue functions as a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss and also an active interface with the environment. 二、填充题(40分)：每格两分：术语请以英文作答，而以正确中文术语作答者，每格1分 。 1. Biologists use two main types of scientific inquiry: (1) science and (2) science. 2. Limitations of science are set by its requirements that hypotheses be testable and (3) and that observations and experimental results be (4). 3. A drop in pH shifts the hemoglobin dissociation curve toward the (5), and the curve of a fetus is located on the (6) of its mother’s. 4. An animal’s diet must supply (7), (8), and essential nutrients. 5. Many blood proteins, especially (9), create the osmotic pressure of blood. The most abundant phagocytic cells in the mammalian body are (10), one type of white blood cells. 6. Organisms build strong materials from structural polysaccharides. For examples, (11) is a major component of the tough plant cell wall and (12) is used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons. 7. Every cell of a multicellular animal must be bathed in (13). Exchange between the (13) and (14) enables cells throughout the body to obtain nutrients and get rid of wastes. 8. The (15) immune response defends against extracellular pathogens, in contrast, the (16) immune response defends against extracellular pathogens and cancer. 9. The roles of antibodies in immunity are (17), (18), and activation of complement system and pore formation. 10. Osmoregulation is a general process by which animals control (19) and balance (20) gain and loss. 三、问答题(20分) 1. 何谓反流交换机制(countercurrent exchange mechanism)？请举一例说明之。 --

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