课程名称︰生态学 课程性质︰系上必修 课程教师︰(多人合开) 李培芬 高文媛 周莲香 开课学院：生态工程学程 地球系统科学学程 开课系所︰生命科学系 考试日期（年月日）︰98/3/30 考试时限（分钟）：约120分钟 是否需发放奖励金：是 （如未明确表示，则不予发放） 试题 : I. 单选题 (2*12=24 points) 1. Bluefin tuna and mackerek sharks are considered to be A. poikilotherm B. homeotherm C. endotherm D. heterotherm E. two of the choices are correct 2. The group of organisms contains the most trophic diversity: A. Plantae B. Animalia C. Prokaryotes D. Fungi E. Protista 3. You are a student working in the laboratory of a researcher who studies rainbow trout. A power outage over the weekend results in temperatures of over 25℃ in the large pools which house the fish. When you arrive Monday morning you notice the fish are swimming on their sides or swimming in spirals. What conclusions can you draw? A. the fish are suffering thermal stress B. the fish are experiencing improper neuronal function C. the affinity of acetylcholinesterase for acetylcholine is reduced D. the temperature of the water is affecting fish enzyme shape and flexiility E. All of the choices are correct. 4. A(n) ______ marine fish gains water through osmosis and loses salts through diffusion. A. hyperosmotic B. hypoosmotic C. isosmotic D. osmotic E. None of the choices are correct. 5. When an organism becomes acclimated to a new environmental situation; it will generally involve A. physiological changes. B. genetic changes. C. sociological changes. D. both physiological changes and genetic changes. E. both genetic changes and sociological changes. 6. Caughley found the distributions of the three largest kangaroo species in Australia are mainly determined by A. hunting pressure B. servere competition for densities. C. severe predation D. climate. E. All of the choices are correct. 7. Which of the following equations best represents the per capita rate of increase? A. r=T/(ln Ro) B. r=(lnRo)/T C. λ=Nt/(Nt+1) D. λ=(Nt+1)/Nt E. None of the choices are correct. 8. Out of 1 million eggs laid by a mackerel, more than 999,990 die during the first 70 days of life either as eggs, larvae, or juveniles. The mackerel has a ______ survivorship curve A. Type I B. Type II C. Type III D. Type IV E. Type V 9. An annual plant when initially colonizing an area will probably demonstrate A. annual growth rate. B. geometric population growth. C. exponential growth rate D. logistic growth E. None of the choices are correct 10. In the logistic model of population growth if γ>0 then A, the population declines. B. population growth stops. C. N>K D. N<K E. both the population declines and N<K 11. Which of the following environments for germinating seed is most likely to favor a plant species that makes many small seeds, compared to one that makes fewer larger seeds? A. nutrient limitaion B. competition from established plants C. shade D. deep burial in soil E. disturbance 12. Which of the following word pairs are mismatched? A. random distribution: aggressive interaction B. clumped distribution: attraction to a common source C. regular distribution: antagonistic behaviors D. large scale distribution: substantial environmental changes E. small scale distribution: insignificant environmental changes II. Fill up (3 point*5=15 points) 1. ____________ is a subfield of ecology which studies how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by the environment. 2. An ____________ is defined as all of the organisms that live in an area and the physical environment with which they interact. 3. On going dispersal can join numbous subpopulations to form a ____________. 4. R. MacArthus and E.O. Wilson proposed that organisms' life history could be classified as ____________ vs. ____________. III. 解释名词 (4 points*8=32 points) 1. macroclimate vs. microclimate 2. intrinsic rate of increase vs. realized rate of increase 3. life cycle, life history and life table 4. Optimal foraging theory IV. Short essay (8*4=32 points) 1. Why might a manger of an exploited population, such as a commercially important fish, want to keep fish population size near one-half K and not much lower? (8 points). 2. 请说明如何藉由稳定氢同位素的测量得知槟榔是否为浅根性的植物? (8 points) 3. E. Korpimaki and K. Norradahl published a paper entitle "Numerical and functional response fo kestrel, short-eared owls and long-eared owls to vole densities" in the journal Eolgogy. According to the title of the paper, what did the authors study? (8 points) 4. 请根据下图推测: 同一叶子在气温为20℃和30℃ (假设叶温=气温)，RH=50% 同样光照度、CO2浓度的环境下，请说明在哪一环境下其蒸散作用率(E)较高？ 为什麽？ (8 points) --

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