课程名称︰政治学二 课程性质︰系定必修兼A5通识 课程教师︰李锡锟 开课学院：社会科学院 开课系所︰政治系 考试日期（年月日）︰2008.6.20 考试时限（分钟）：100分钟 是否需发放奖励金：y thanks （如未明确表示，则不予发放） 试题 : 1.解释名词 (a)qui servire est regnare (b)in loco parentis (c)social contract (d)camaraderie (e)multitude 2.下列文字谈及印度社会最低阶层"untochables"，请翻译成中文（外籍生免）并回答 相关问题。 The Consitution of modern independent India has abolished untocuhability in theory, but in practice, especially in rural areas, the concept still survives. Reform movements, or indviduals (see e.g. AMBEDKAR, B. R.), have tried hard to eradicate it, so far without success. Gandhi attempted to improve the image of untouchables by giving them the name 'Harijians' (Children of God); officially the are termed 'Scheduled Castes', but terminological change does not necessarily effect status change. The Scheduled Castes now enjoy a number of privileges--Scholarships and college places reserved for them, Civil Service jobs allocated to them, etc.--and this has given rise to a blacklash of resentment from higher castes in several areas of India. Socially intouchables still suffer discrimination, in spite of the State's efforts to integrate them into the modern Indian nation. 问题：19世纪欧洲的社会主义与20世纪亚洲的共产主义成功地激发了社会底层（劳工或 贫农阶级）的政治力量，在欧洲争取了「群众（Demo）」的权益，在亚洲建立了 无产阶级（proletariat）政权；他们为何能，印度的"untochables"为何不能？ 3.试从政治学观点讨论欧美社会「公民（citizen）」身为中产阶级的制度─「公民权 （citizenship）」的受益者，它是如何运作以维护中产阶级的利益？ 4.何谓「唯心劳力」（immaterial labor）（暂译）？为何此一概念有助於解释为何 後现代民主体系能够化解阶级冲突（class antagonism）并建立共识？ --

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