课程名称︰环境土壤物理学 课程性质︰探讨土壤的结构与质地如何跟空气与水作用 课程教师︰李达源 开课学院：农学院 开课系所︰农化系第一类群组必修 考试日期（年月日）︰Apr. 21, 2006 考试时限（分钟）：两节课，100钟 是否需发放奖励金：是 （如未明确表示，则不予发放） 试题 : 1. Please define the following term in a few sentences: (15%) (a) Pore size distribution of soils (b) Aggregated soil structure (c) Reference state of soil water potential (d) Matric potential of soil water (e) Osmotic pressure of soil water 2. Find the total potential head components at points A and B in the following equilibrium system consisting of (18%) (a) A salt solution of relative humidity of 0.65 in a closed chamber next to a soil sample at T = 27C. (given surface tension of water = 72 dynes/cm, R = 8.314 J/K mol) ┌──────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ A B │ │ │﹌﹌﹌﹌﹌﹌﹌│ │﹌﹌﹌﹌﹌﹌│ │ │ │ Solute │ │ Solute │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └───────┘ └──────┘ │ └──────────────────────────┘ (b) ↑ ┌───┐ ← Soil sample │ │ │ A (no evaporation) │ ┌─┴───┴─┐ 50cm │ └──┬─┬──┘← Porous ceramic │ │ │ │ │ │ ↓ │ │ B │﹌﹌﹌│ │ │ │ │ ← free solution │ │ └┬─┬┘ S = -200cm │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────┬──────╯ │ ╰──────┴────────╯ ↑ membrane impermeable to solutes, permeable to water. 3. Describe what information related to soil water is measured or prepared by the following instruments. (15%) (a) Tensiometer (b) Soil psychrometer (c) Pressure plate or membrane (d) Neutron probe (e) Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) 4. The accompanying data were obtained with tension plate and pressure plate extraction devices from two soils of unknown texture. (16%) ──────────────────────────────── Suction head (cm) Volumetric water content (%) ──────────────── Soil A Soil B ──────────────────────────────── 0 52 44 10 52 44 20 52 43.9 50 51 38 100 48 22.5 300 32 12.5 1000 20 7 10000 13.5 5.2 20000 13 5.1 100000 12.4 4.9 ──────────────────────────────── (a) Sketch the two soil moisture characteristic curves. (b) Estimate the bulk density, assuming that the soils do not swell or shrink. (c) Estimate the field capacity and the volumetric water content at wilting point. (d) What are the likely soil textures of soil A and B and explain why? 5. A mercury manometer tensiometer is inserted 100cm below the soil surface into a region of soil with matric potential head h = -50cm. The mercury reservoir has a free surface 10cm above the soil surface. Calculate how high above the free mercury surface column will rise at equilibrium? (ρHg = 13.5g/cm^3) (10%) 6. A vertical saturated soil column of height 25cm has 10cm of water ponded on it at t = 0. Four hours later the height of weater ponded has dropped to 5cm. What is the satureated hydraulic conductivity of this soil? (10%) 7. A long soil column (101cm) containing 100cm of sand of saturated hydraulic conductivity 10cm/hr has a thin caly lens (1cm) of saturated hydraulic conductivity 0.1cm/hr located somewhere inside of it. (16%) (a) What is the effective saturated hydraulic conductivity of the entire column? (b) If the clay lens is on the bottom, what is the flux through the column if 10cm of water are continously ponded on the top? What is the pressure at the sand-caly interface? │﹌﹌﹌﹌│ │ │10cm ├────┤ │ │↑ │ ││ │ sand ││ │ ││ 100cm │ ││ │ │↓ ├ －－－ ┤←─ P = ? │ clay │1cm └────┘ ↓ J = ? -----------------------------------考试到此结束------------------------------ --

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