课程名称： 西洋哲学史(三) 理性论与经验论 课程性质： 必修 课程范围： Locke, Berkeley and Hume 开课教师： 罗丽君 开课学院： 文学院 开课系级： 哲学三 考试日期(年月日)： 2010/1/14 考试时限(Mins)： 3 hours 试题本文： 1. 请用简单的一两句话定义经验主义三大哲学家洛克(Locke)、柏克莱(berkeley)以及 休谟(Hume)的「经验论原则」。（15%） 2.请先阅读下段文字，再回答以下两个问题： The qualities then that are in bodies rightly considered, are of three sorts. First, The bulk, figure, number, situation, and motion or rest of their solid parts. Those are in them whether we perceive them or not; and when they are of that size that we can discover them, we have by these an idea of the thing as it is in itself; as is plain in artificial things. These I call primary qualities. Secondly, The power that is in any body, by reason of its insensible primary qualities, to operate after a peculiar manner on any of our senses, and thereby produce in us the different ideas of several colours, sounds, smells, tastes,&c. These are usually called sensible qualities. Thirdly, The power that is in any body, by reason of the particular constitution of its primary qualities, to make such a change in the bulk, figure, texture, and motion of another body, as to make it operate on our senses differently from what it did before. Thus the sun has a power to make wax white, and fire to make lead fluid. These are usually called powers. The first of these, as has been said, I think may be properly called real, original, or primary qualities; because they are in the things themselves, whether they are perceived or not: and upon their different modifications it is that the secondary qualities depend.(Locke. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Book II,Chapter VII, §23) The other two are only powers to act differently upon other things: which powers result from the different modifications of those primary qualities. (1)上段文字涉及洛克的何种理论观点？请详细说明此文字内容。（20%） (2)柏克莱如何批评上段洛克的理论？(15%) 3. 请分别说明洛克、柏克莱和休谟三位哲学家对「实体」(substance)概念的批判 与反省。(30%) 4. 请以下段文字的内容去仔细说明休谟对「因」「果」概念的分析。 ＂when we look about us towards external objects, and consider the operation of causes, we are never able, in a single instance, to discover any power or necessary connexion; any quality, which binds the effect to the cause, and reders the one an infallible consequece of the other. We only find, that the one does actually, in fact, follow the other. The impulse of one billiard-ball is attended with motion in the second. This is the whole that appears to the outwards senses. The mind feels no sentiment or inward impression from the succession of objects: Consequently, there is not, in any single, particular instance of cause and effect, anything which can suggest the idea of power or neseccary connexion.＂(Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding,VII,50) --

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