One-Handed Basketball Set Shot Perhaps more significant than the rule changes was two new offensive fundamentals: the one-handed set and the one-handed jump shot. Until then, only the two-handed set shot and hook shots were being used on the perimeter. There were exceptions, but these were not good percentage shots for most players. 比起规则改变所带来之影响更大者，或许是两项新进攻基本原则的产生 ：单手立定投篮与单手跳投。在此之前，罚球圈附近的都是使用双手立 定投篮与勾射来取分，虽然或有例外，但大多数球员在这个距离的命中 率都不怎麽样。 The one-handed set shot first began appearing in the early 1940’s. Coaches and players, alike, soon began to discover this shot to be more accurate and could be released much quicker. A few years after that players added a jump to the shot, which gave birth to the one-handed jump shot that was even more effective and accurate from 10 feet-out. It was even more accurate than the hook shot being taken from the 4 to 12 foot range and much easier to get off in close quarters than the one-handed set shot. 单手立定投篮首次出现於四零年代早期，教练与球员们很快就发现单手 立定投篮的奥妙之处，在於它准多了且出手更快。几年之後，球员们开 始在投篮时加上跳跃，单手跳投就此诞生。单手跳投有效提升了十尺以 外投篮的精准度与效率，甚至比四到十二尺内的钩射还要来的准。单手 跳投在每节比赛接近尾声时，要抢时间出手也比立定跳投容易得多 By the 1950’s many players, from the high school level on up became very effective with these shots. This improved outside shooting soon took away much of the advantages of a packed-in zone defense. This forced such tight defenses to move out. This then made the penetrating dribble a more effective offensive weapon. Many players became more skillful with their dribbling abilities and we began to see a resurgence in a one-on-one situation. This gave the offense another way to penetrate the defense for a high percentage shot or dish off to a teammate for a like shot. 精准度大幅跃升的外线投射，把以往重兵坐镇禁区的区域防守打得落花 流水。因此，禁区拥挤的区域防守，被迫移出内线。持球渗透因而成为 一项更有效率的进攻武器。许多球员也变得精於运球切入的技巧，场上 一对一的情况随之复苏。持球切入成为进攻方渗透防守的另一项选择， 切入後有机会获高命中率的投射机会，或分球（dish off）给外围队友 ，让他们在空档下轻松投篮。 Defensive Changes Coaches who had long been disciples of man-to-man defense began to apply more pressure on the ball and instructed the weak-side defensive players to sag more toward the basket. This was the very beginning of the help and recover defensive tactic seen today. These man-to-man coaches would only use a zone defense as a last resort or a change-of-pace tactic. There were many coaches who preferred the zone as their primary defense, but resorted to man-to-man whenever their zone failed. 长期追随盯人防守的教练们，开始增加对球的压迫（pressure），并建 立弱边球员下沉保护篮下的机制。这就是今日常见的协防与回覆原位（ recover）等防守战术最初的源头。这些教练们视区域防守仅仅为万不得 已的方案或偶而变换节奏迷惑对手的东西而已。多教练最初喜爱区域防 守，但通常因为区域防守的失败而转向盯人防守。 A new type of defense began to appear in the 1950’s called a match-up zone defense. It was great at slowing an offense when properly executed, but difficult to teach. The match-up zone had players match up with the various offensive sets, then attempt to defend a certain area of the court. Each player would use a combination of zone and man-to-man tactics in guarding a defensive player in his area. 五零年代也出现了一种新型态的防守：盯人区域防守（Match-up Zone） 这套防守非常难教，可一旦学会且正确执行，攻势将会被大幅度减缓。 Match-up Zone 让球员以盯人的方式应对各种不同型态的进攻套路，接 着试图保护特定区域。每位球员都必须负责区域内的防守对象，并综合 运用盯人与区域防守的技巧。 A few man-to-man and zone presses were used during the 1950’s. Up until then, pressure defenses were usually used in late stages of a game by the losing team trying to change the final outcome of the game. It wasn’t until the fifties that teams started using pressure type defenses at different times during a game. Defenses were becoming much more aggressive out of necessity in efforts to combat ever-improving offenses. About this time, some coaches believed a player must hit at least 40 percent of his shots, or he would hurt the team. A team averaged around 45 to 50 percent then. I’ve heard coaches say, and I’ve even said it myself, "45 percent wins and 30 percent loses games." 五零年代，压迫式的盯人或区域防守也开始出现。以前，压迫防守通常 为落後的那一方於比赛即将结束，试图扭转结果时所用者；五十年代， 压迫式防守的使用，不再仅限於球赛末段。为了对抗不断演进的进攻技 术，防守势必更加积极且富侵略性。差不多同时，一些教练开始要求球 员的投篮命中率至少要在四成左右；而球队整体的命中率必须在四成五 到五成。包括我在内，许多教练都这麽说过：「四成五的命中率能够赢 得比赛，三成就回家吃自己。」 When I started in college after World War II, basketball really became popular in all areas of the United States. It was no longer limited to Indiana high schools and became a great spectator sport. Basketball gyms were filled to capacity and newer and larger arenas were built to accommodate this increased interest. 二战後，我开始大学生涯，而篮球风行於全美；不再只局限於 Indiana 这里的高中学校，而成为拥有众多观众的全国性运动。球馆总是挤满了 人，更新更大的体育场因而不断应日益增加之需求而生。 A National Major Sport In the late 1940’s a few talented athletes began playing basketball the year round to hone their skills. Such coaches as John Wooden at Indiana State gave the first black athletes the opportunity to showcase their talents; however, Jim Crow laws hampered travel accommodations and delayed fullest implementation for many years to come. Many southern universities refused to play teams with black players. The black athlete soon proved to the entire nation that he had the ability and skills needed for the modern day game of basketball. I believe this, more than anything else, became the most dominate force in improving the basketball skills of modern-day players. 四零年代晚期，一些具有天份的运动员，开始反覆磨练篮球的技巧。某 些教练如印城州大 John Wooden，也给了黑人球员们展现其天赋的机会 ，那是黑人运动员的首次亮相；然而，Jim Crow法（按：五零年代美国 的种族隔离法）阻碍了黑人球员们旅途中的膳宿，也使得黑人球员大举 进攻篮球领域的时程晚了很多年。那时许多南方的大学都不准球队中有 黑人，可是黑人运动员很快地向全国证明他们的能力与技术，是完全为 现代篮球而生的；我相信，他们是推动今日篮球员进步的最大因素。 Experimentation with Multiple Defenses There was a was some experimentation with multiple defenses during the early1960’s. All this came about because the weakest link in the offensive skills was the pass. The basic premise of these stunting and combination defenses was to mold a defense to take advantage of this weakest link of that day. Only a few coaches used multiple defenses, but those who did became quite successful and books began to appear dealing with the subject. 六零年代早期，有些教练们开始实验复合多样化的防守。这是因为寰诸 各项进攻技巧中，传球是最脆弱的连结；因此这种阻碍性的综合防守型 态，即针对当时最错弱的进攻连结（传球）所塑造。虽然使用此种防守 型态的教练为数不多，可是他们获得了极大的成果，坊间的书籍也开始 处理这类题目。 In 1963, while serving as volunteer coach for St. Benedict School in Evansville, Indiana, I read an excellent book dealing with this subject. This text was written by Wayne Dobbs and Garland Pinholster, entitled, Basketball’s Stunting Defenses. Prentice-Hall out of Englewood Ciffs, New Jersey, published this text and surprisingly it is appropriate today, as in 1964. The knowledge gained from reading it took me from man-to-man and straight zone defenses to Stunting Multiple Defenses. My team went from mediocre to one that completely confused the opposition and led to many championship trophies. 1963 年，当时自愿任教於 St. Benedict（按：位於 Indiana 的 Eva- nsville） 的我，读到了一本关於复合多样化防守的书。作者是 Wayne Dobbs（按：曾执教於肯塔基）与 Garland Pinholster（按：http://0rz.net/441oT）， 书名Basketball’s Stunting Defenses，由 Prentice-Hall 代理纽泽 西的Englewood Ciffs 出版。（按：http://0rz.net/d91nx）此书内容 与 1964 年的篮球环境极为契合，我也因为此书而改变过去自己教导的 盯人防守与纯粹的区域防守，成为阻碍性的复合式防守（Stunting Mu- ltiple Defense）。我的球队因此由一支高不成低不就的中级队伍，转 化为一级不败雄师，赢得奖牌无数。这套防守能够让对手完全摸不清头 绪，不知从何攻起。 In 2001 there are many coaches using multiple defenses in one way or another. The successful coaches have found this to be a way of slowing down improving offenses. Just as the zone defense was the answer to slowing down free-lance motion offenses in the1930’s, the multiple stunting defense is the answer to slowing it in 2001. In case you do not believe, former North Carolina Coach Dean Smith had used multiple defenses to confuse opposition for years. Nobody alive would doubt his success. It is obvious to me that Coach Smith found that combining half-court, three-quarter-court, and full-court defenses, and changing from man-to-man to zone and back again frequently in the course of a game keeps the offense off balance. Not only does this disrupt patterns, but reduces shooting accuracy as well. 2001年，已经有许多教练以不同方式使用复合式的防守。某些教练成功 地使用这种防守箝制日益进化的攻击战术。就如同三零年代早期，区域 防守击败了自由不受限制的 MO（按：free-lance MO，指没有设计任何 特定走位与配合，全凭球员阅读防守，适切执行传、挡、切的MO）一样 ，阻碍性的复合式防守是压制 2001 年今天，各式进攻战术的解答。如 果你不相信，前北卡传奇教头Dean Smith，已经使用复合式防守困惑对 手多年，没有任何人会怀疑 Smith 的伟大成就。显然，Dean Smith 那 套结合半场（half-court）、四分之三场地（three-quarter-court）、 全场的防守范围，以及经常於盯人和区域防守之间切换的防守方式，可 以有效让对手的攻势失去平衡。它不只能够毁坏对手的进攻模式，更能 够压低对手的投篮精准度。 Coach Smith was not the first coach to use such a system. There were many before him. The famous Everett Case, Forrest Allen, John Wooden, Frank McGuire, Jack Ramsay, and Del Harris lead the pack, but there were many lesser known coaches as well. A few of these were: Bob Abelsett, Neil Baisi, Aubrey Bonham, Glenn Brown, Bob Davis, John Egli, Bob Fuller, Harry Harkins, Bill Harrell, Burrall Paye, Garland Pinholster, Bud Presley, and Charles Ward. All were successful coaches at all levels of the game. Now, that the NBA has legalized zone defenses, it will be interesting to watch "Shaq Defenses" evolve. I predict the old master, Del Harris, now a Portland assistant, will come up with an effective beginning. Dean Smith不是第一个使用此系统的教练，许多人比他还要早，其中， Everett Case（按：http://0rz.net/821pa）、Forrest Allen（按： http://0rz.net/201mS）、John Wooden、Frank Mcguire（按：http://0rz.net/af1oM） 、Jack Ramsay（按：http://0rz.net/f71lW）、Del Harris（按： http://0rz.net/a61pX）等人赫赫有名。也有不少没名气者，比如说B- ob Abelsett、Neil Baisi、Aubrey Bonham、Glenn Brown、Bob Davi- s、John Egli、Bob Fuller、Harry Harkins、Bill Harrell、Burrall Paye、Garland Pinholster、Bud Presley 与Charles Ward。这些教练 们的共通点是，不论在何种层级的比赛，他们都相当成功。现在，区域 防守已经为NBA 合法化。相信观察其他球队针对那个无敌於天下的Shaq 所设计的新防守，是很有趣的一件事。我猜测年近古稀的大师 Del Ha- rris（按：时任拓荒者助理教练一职），会是第一个设计出有效防守招 术的人。 Coach Dean Smith’s way of using the multiple defense might be the most sophisticated, and when executed properly makes it difficult for the offense to determine the defense being used. Smith’s defense constantly interweaves man-to-man and zone principles. I think Coach Smith’s ideas are a combination of most of the defenses employed up to this time, plus a few new wrinkles and are adaptable at all levels of play. 不过 Dean Smith 的复合式防守或许是最精致的，一旦确实执行，攻方 很难判定他们所应对的是何种防守形式。Smith 的防守不断交织盯人与 区域防守的原则於其中。我认为Smith 的构想，是结合当代大多数的防 守型态，配上一些自创的新花样；并希望这套防守，足以应付所有进攻 战术配合。 -------------------------------------------------------------- 如有问题，欢迎指教。 --

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