作者HIbaby (燃烧吧! 嗨~北鼻!)
看板Medicine
标题[期刊] 本周 nature
时间Fri Jun 6 14:34:14 2008
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Nature 453: 7196
5 June 2008
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[自然要览]
(选自英国Nature杂志,2008年6月5日出版)
封面故事:人类大规模运动的规律
Understanding individual human mobility patterns
对大规模人口运动规律进行研究,对於城市规划、交通预测和疫情预防都很重要。动物
研究表明,牠们的运动也许可以用随机行走或Levy flight来解释。随机行走是对一系
列随机步子的一种数学描述;Levy flight是被偶尔更大的步子断开的一种随机行走。
Levy统计在动物行为中的作用是有争议的,但将这种统计方法延伸到人类行为中的想
法,却在2006年得到一篇关於通过美元钞票流通跟踪的人类运动中类似Levy flight模
式的报告的支持。基於在6个月间对10万个手机用户的运动轨迹所做跟踪的一项新的人
类运动研究工作,显示了与Levy模式类似的行为,但与该模式不同的是,不同个体的运
动轨迹表现出高度的时空规则性:人们有工作要做,还有其他需要完成的任务,这意味
着我们不可能像觅食的动物那样自由自在地漫游。但通过对研究数据进行校正以将个体
差异考虑进去,我们就可以看到人类的旅行会呈现出一个简单而可以预测的模式。
(Letter p. 779)
土星F环中发现存在嵌入式小卫星的直接证据(Saturn’s F ring: Collisions galore
)
The determination of the structure of Saturn's F ring by nearby moonlets
1979年由“先驱者-11”所发现的土星窄环F处在不断变化中,其所呈现出的图案外观在
几小时到几年的时间尺度上在发生变化。在该环附近已经探测出几个小卫星及团块,并
且也推断出有一组嵌入的天体。Murray等人用来自“卡西尼”探测器的数据以前所未有
的详细程度对F环进行了研究。他们发现了在该环明亮核中存在嵌入式小卫星的直接证
据,并且发现该环的形态在很大程度上是小卫星的持续引力和碰撞效应以及“土卫十
六”(普罗米修斯)的扰动效应所造成的。这组小卫星的存在,有可能使得这一区域成
为太阳系中一个大规模碰撞几乎每天都在发生的独特位置。
(Article p. 739)
肺脏支气管系统的发育模式(Lung development: Branches everywhere)
The branching programme of mouse lung development
肺脏和其他器官的巨大分支网络在发育过程中是怎样形成的?其成形信息是怎样编码
的?这些问题长期以来使生物学家和数学家为之着迷。现在,通过对数百个发育中间结
构进行分析,研究人员已经确定了小鼠支气管系统的分叉模式及分支体系。这个过程是
高度模式化的,在数学上也是非常精妙的。整个支气管系统(支气管树)是从以三种不
同顺序使用的三个在几何上比较简单的分叉模式产生的。发育过程是以电脑程序的方式
进行的,每个分叉模式由一系列局部成形及形态发生活动中的一个通过基因编码的子程
序控制的,而这些活动本身则是由一个更为全局性的主程序控制的。
(Article p. 745; News & Views)
E-钙粘素的两级稳定及固定机制(E-cadherin: Two-tier stabilization and
immobilization mechanism)
A two-tiered mechanism for stabilization and immobilization of E-cadherin
由E-钙粘素调控的粘附,需要其在被肌动蛋白细丝稳定的亲同种复合物中发生
trans-association。在这项研究中,Cavey等人发现,亲同种复合物在非常稳定的微区
中会分开。这些微区的稳定性和侧向流动性取决於两个截然不同的肌动蛋白群:小而稳
定的肌动蛋白斑块稳定亲同种E-钙粘素团块,而一个快速周转的、有伸缩性的网络则通
过一个羁绊机制限制侧向扩散。Alpha-catenin主要通过对亲同种团块流动性的调控来
控制上皮架构,并且因其稳定性在很大程度上是可以省去的。
(Article p. 551)
建造低成本小体积EUV光源的方法(Extreme UV made easier)
High-harmonic generation by resonant plasmon field enhancement
相干极端紫外线(EUV)的性质,使得它成为激动人心的技术应用的一个极佳候选光
源。不过在目前,产生短波长光所需设备非常昂贵和庞大。本期Nature上所介绍的一个
新系统有可能同时降低成本和体积。该体系利用通过飞秒激光脉冲与一种气体发生相互
作用来产生高谐波的传统原理,但采用了一个通过局部等离子场增强来放大光束的新颖
概念。来自一个低强度飞秒激光器的光束被聚焦到一个纳米结构上,後者由分布在一个
蓝宝石基质上的领结形状的金元素组成。通过这种方式,也许能够以合理的成本来建造
一个笔记本电脑大小的EUV光源。
(Letter p. 757; News & Views)
不需施加压力的非铜氧化物高温超导体(High-temperature superconductors: No
pressure then)
Superconductivity at 43 K in SmFeAsO1-xFx
最近发现的分层稀土金属oxypnictides,重新激发了人们研究高温超导的热情。这些化
合物中的第一种(仅仅在几个月前被发现)具有一个26K的转变温度。Nature杂志最近
的一篇论文报告了一种基於铁—砷的材料,该材料通过施加压力在43K具有超导性。以
前只有铜氧化物超导体曾经越过40K这个门槛。现在,Chen等人报告,砷化钐氧化物
SmFeAsO1?xFx在不施加压力的条件下也具有大体积超导性(bulk superconductivity
),转变温度也为43K。
(Letter p. 761)
过渡金属原子上的局部电荷与其氧化态无关(Taking charge)
Charge self-regulation upon changing the oxidation state of transition
metals in insulators
一种过渡金属在一个晶格中的氧化态传统上被看作是反映了物理离子化:电子被转移进
原子中或形成原子,留下一个点状的带电体(离子)。人们有时仍然用这样一个解释来
描述过渡金属氧化物等的性质。然而,量子力学计算表明,不管正式的氧化态如何,过
渡金属原子上的局部电荷基本上是不变的。Raebiger等人通过研究原子与其主晶体之间
形成的杂和键对增添或移走电子的反应,对这种行为做出了解释。他们识别出一个自我
调控的过程,该过程改变这些键的能级的方式,使得过渡金属原子上的局部电荷基本保
持不变。
(Letter p. 763; News & Views)
前寒武纪—寒武纪过渡时期环境变化的性质(The Cambrian explosion: Sulphide
rises to the occasion)
Hydrogen sulphide release to surface waters at the Precambrian/Cambrian
boundary
前寒武纪—寒武纪过渡时期(距今大约5.42亿年前)的环境条件的变化,一直被认为是
对被称为“寒武纪爆炸”的多细胞生物丰度的明显突增的一个可能的解释。然而,这些
环境变化的性质仍然是一个有争议的问题。现在,Wille等人报告了来自两个通过地层
学方法校正过的样品集的黑页岩的钼同位素特徵,这些黑页岩的沉积时间大约为距今5.
42亿年前。在关於海洋钼循环的一个盒子模型的帮助下,他们发现,富含硫化氢的深海
海水的强烈上涌,能够最好地解释所观测到的早寒武纪钼同位素信号。这表明,早寒武
纪动物辐射可能是由海洋环流的一大变化触发的,而该变化是在海洋发生分层、深层海
水富含硫化物的一个长时期之後发生的。
(Letter p. 767)
通过观测冰层长期运动研究地震(Antarctic ice: Many a slip)
Simultaneous teleseismic and geodetic observations of the stick–slip motion
of an Antarctic ice stream
与冰川运动相关的长期地震源所发生的长期变化,曾被与过去十年冰流的增加联系了起
来。然而,这种地震信号与冰流的关系尚未被直接观测证实。现在,Wiens等人将长期
表面波浪观测结果与冰层移位的模拟GPS测量结果结合在一起,来研究西南极由潮汐调
制的Whillans冰流的粘—滑运动(stick-slip motion)。他们发现,一次地震事件的
起源时间相应於冰流床的一个区域所发生的滑动成核作用,该区域的滑动成核作用可能
要比周围区域更强,所以其作用就像在传统断层模型中的“asperity”一样。除了最初
的脉冲外,他们还观测到10到25分钟後发生的两次地震,它们代表着随滑动在冰流边缘
和接地线(grounding line)上终止所出现的停止阶段。他们得出的结论是,这样的长
期地震波对於探测和研究突然的冰层运动是有用的,但对於滑动总量是不敏感的。
(Letter p. 770)
一种能够避开遗传分类学弊端的新的研究方法(Cladistics with a human face)
Cladistic analysis of continuous modularized traits provides phylogenetic
signals in Homo evolution
遗传分类学——构建进化树的一种分析方法——在上个世纪70年代使演化理论发生了革
命性变化,尽管批评者也确有证据对其表示异议。通过将演化特徵或特点分解成计算分
析所需的离散状态,研究人员也许在不断扭曲一些变化特点。例如,人体颅骨化石也许
不是被划分为“面部平坦”型、就是被划分为“面部凸出型”,而实际上这些特徵是连
续变化的。Gonzalez-Jose等人用一种新方法绕过了这些问题,该方法所捕获的是大尺
度的、在生物学上有意义的形状变化,用传统统计手段来处理数据,并且用所获得的结
果来进行遗传分类分析。他们的试验案例,即人类这样一个分支,有可能为未来关於有
很多类似成员的群体之间的演化关系的研究提供一个基准。他们获得的结果支持已经明
确建立起来的人种之间的关系,并且还增加了一些有趣的细节,如将“非洲南方古猿”
(Australopithecus africanus)确定为“人”(Homo)的一个姐妹族群。
(Letter p. 775)
脂肪细胞总数不变但在不断更新变化(Obesity: Fat cells in constant flux)
Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans
在事先存在的脂肪细胞中存储的类脂被认为是造成肥胖症的一个主要因素,但除此之
外,研究人员并不能肯定脂肪细胞是在生命的什麽时候产生的,也不能肯定是否是这一
过程中所发生的改变有助於肥胖的产生。现在,研究人员将对数百个研究对象体内脂肪
细胞总数所做的一项调查与对将来自核武器试验的碳-14向基因组DNA中的集成所做分析
结合起来,为脂肪组织代谢提供了一幅清晰画面。体内脂肪细胞的数量是体内脂肪多少
的一个主要决定因素,但这个数量是在儿童及青少年时期就已经决定的,在成年时期基
本上不发生变化。但令人吃惊的是,脂肪细胞在总数保持不变的情况下有一个非常高的
周转率。在肥胖症初发阶段,脂肪细胞死亡率和生成率都不变。这一新发现的脂肪细胞
周转现象,也许能为肥胖症的治疗干预提供一个新目标。
(Letter p. 783)
关於溶酵素体膜中氯化物渗透性的直接证据(Chloride permeation in lysosomes)
The Cl-/H+ antiporter ClC-7 is the primary chloride permeation pathway in
lysosomes
科学家对CLC家族的膜蛋白非常感兴趣,因为一个已经清楚的事实是,该家族中一些成
员是传导氯离子的离子通道,而其他一些成员是氯离子和氢离子的反向运输蛋白
(antiporters)。一个反向运输蛋白是在两个或更多不同配体积极运送过程中所涉及
的一种膜蛋白。在本文中,Graves等人发现,ClC-7在一个溶酵素体膜中是一个Cl-/H+
反向运输蛋,其活性在该细胞器的酸化过程中维持正确的膜电压。有趣的是,这项工作
还支持这样一个思想:胞质膜CLCs是专门的Cl-通道,而细胞内CLCs是反向运输蛋白。
科学家早就假设,溶酵素体膜具有氯化物渗透性是由於CLC蛋白。这一发现是证明该假
设的直接证据。
(Letter p. 788)
果蝇的内生短干涉RNAs——之一(Endo-siRNAs in Drosophila)
Drosophila endogenous small RNAs bind to Argonaute 2 in somatic cells
转座因子最近被发现在体细胞及生殖细胞中都是活跃的。最近,一类小RNA,即
piRNAs,被发现能从生殖细胞的反转录转座子中表达,并且能调控它们的转录沉寂。在
这项研究中,Kawamura等人识别出另一类小RNA,即内生短干涉RNA(endo-siRNAs),
其中很多都是从反转录转座子中表达并抑制後者的,但却是在体细胞中。有趣的是,
endo siRNAs和piRNAs与在RNA抑制中所涉及的不同亚族的Argonaute蛋白发生相互作
用。
(Letter p. 793; News & Views)
果蝇的内生短干涉RNAs——之二(Endo-siRNAs in Drosophila)
An endogenous small interfering RNA pathway in Drosophila
在这项研究工作中,Czech等人识别出果蝇的新一类小RNA:内生短干涉RNA
(endo-siRNAs)。这些RNAs既存在於体细胞中,又存在於生殖细胞中。它们的处理不
同於miRNAs或piRNAs的处理;它需要的是Dcr2以及Loqs(Dcr1夥伴)而不是Dcr2通常的
夥伴R2D2,这一点是不同寻常的。所处理的endo-siRNAs是被发现优先与Argonaute蛋白
AGO2相结合的第一类小RNAs,这种复合物以编码蛋白以及移动元素的基因为目标。
(Letter p. 798; News & Views)
果蝇的内生短干涉RNAs——之三(Endo-siRNAs in Drosophila)
The Drosophila hairpin RNA pathway generates endogenous short interfering
RNAs
短干涉RNAs(siRNAs)以具有互补序列的mRNAs的解理为目标。在这项研究中,Okamura
等人发现,果蝇基因组编码内生siRNAs。这些siRNAs来自长RNA发卡基因,抑制蛋白表
达。它们从发卡进入成熟21-核甘酸长siRNA的处理通道的过程,涉及被认为截然不同的
两个通道的因子。
(Letter p. 803; News & Views)
缺氧反应与先天免疫之间的联系得到确认(Hypoxia and innate immunity: An old
alliance)
NF- B links innate immunity to the hypoxic response through transcriptional
regulation of HIF-1
来自几个方面的证据显示,在从演化上来说古老的两个细胞防卫机制之间存在一个可能
的联系,这两个机制分别是:先天免疫和缺氧反应。现在,由於发现这两种反应都必需
有一个蛋白,二者之间的联系得以明确。细胞对缺氧的反应是由低氧水平触发的,由缺
氧诱导因子-1 alpha(HIF-1alpha)控制。这项新的研究工作表明,HIF-1alpha转录由
转录因子NF-kappaB调控,後者更多是作为先天免疫反应的主要调控因子。
(Letter p. 807)
组蛋白H2B单泛peptide化和H3 K79甲基化之间关联性的内在机制(Histone H2B:
Methylation via ubiquitinylation)
Chemically ubiquitylated histone H2B stimulates hDot1L-mediated
intranucleosomal methylation
这项研究表明,组蛋白H2B的单泛peptide化(monoubiquitylation)通过甲基转移酵素
hDot1L直接控制组蛋白H3 K79的核小体内甲基化。以前的研究曾表明,组蛋白H2B的单
泛peptide化和H3 K79的甲基化是相关联的,但这种关联的内在机制不清楚,主要是由
於分离均匀泛peptide化的H2B(uH2B)存在困难。现在,McGinty等人通过采用两种无痕
迹化学连接策略来开发一条通向uH2B的合成路径克服了这一障碍。该蛋白向化学上所定
义的核小体中的导入,使得本文作者们能够显示:H2B的单泛peptide化以一种严格在核
小体内进行的方式直接刺激hDot1L-调控的H3 K79的甲基化。
(Letter p. 812)
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NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Genomics: Protein fossils live on as RNA pp729-731
Pseudogenes constitute many of the non-coding DNA sequences that make up
large parts of genomes. Once considered merely protein fossils, it now
emerges that some of them have active regulatory roles.
Rajkumar Sasidharan and Mark Gerstein
doi:10.1038/453729a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/453729a.html
Attosecond physics: An easier route to high harmony pp731-733
The generation of ultrashort light pulses by atomic ionization and
recombination doesn't come cheap. But by niftily exploiting the play of
light on a nanostructured surface, it can be done on a table-top.
Mark I. Stockman
doi:10.1038/453731a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/453731a.html
Developmental biology: Order in the lung pp733-735
Given the lung's thousands of branching airways, its development might be
expected to be a highly complex process. Yet a surprisingly simple picture
now emerges of when, where and in what order these branches form.
David Warburton
doi:10.1038/453733a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/453733a.html
50 & 100 years ago p734
doi:10.1038/453734a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/453734a.html
Physical chemistry: Charge states in transition p735
Transition metals come in different oxidation states with different electric
charges. So at least we are told at school. Detailed calculations lead to a
heretical conclusion [mdash] those variable charge states are a myth.
Raffaele Resta
doi:10.1038/453735a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/453735a.html
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NEWS AND VIEWS Q&A
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Condensed-matter physics: Optical lattices pp736-738
Optical lattices have rapidly become a favoured tool of atomic and
condensed-matter physicists. These crystals made of light can be used to
trap atoms at very low temperatures, creating a workshop in which to pore
over and tinker with fundamental properties of matter.
Markus Greiner and Simon Folling
doi:10.1038/453736a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/453736a.html
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FUTURES
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The invisible hand p822
A granted wish.
Allan M. Lees
doi:10.1038/453822a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/453822a.html
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Advance Online Publication
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04 June 2008
Mei-P26 regulates microRNAs and cell growth in the Drosophila ovarian stem
cell lineage pp-
Ralph A. Neumuller et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07014
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature07014.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature07014.html
28 May 2008
Hydrogen sulphide release to surface waters at the Precambrian/Cambrian
boundary pp767-769
This paper reports molybdenum isotope signatures of black shales from two
stratigraphically correlated sample sets with a depositional age of around
542 million years. The findings suggest that the Early Cambrian animal
radiation may have been triggered by a major change in ocean circulation,
terminating a long period during which the Proterozoic ocean was stratified,
with sulphidic deep water.
Martin Wille et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07072
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature07072.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature07072.html
25 May 2008
Superconductivity at 43[thinsp]K in SmFeAsO1-xFx pp761-762
A report on the discovery of bulk superconductivity in samarium-arsenide
oxides SmFeAsO1-xFx with a transition temperature as high as 43 K.
X. H. Chen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07045
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature07045.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature07045.html
14 May 2008
A two-tiered mechanism for stabilization and immobilization of
E-cadherin pp751-756
A study showing that homophilic E-cadherin complexes partition in very
stable microdomains. Stability and lateral mobility of these microdomains
depend on two distinct actin populations: small, stable actin patches
stabilize homophilic E-cadherin clusters, whereas a rapidly turning over,
contractile network constrains lateral diffusion by a tethering mechanism.
Matthieu Cavey, Matteo Rauzi, Pierre-Francois Lenne and Thomas Lecuit
doi:10.1038/nature06953
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature06953.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature06953.html
07 May 2008
The branching programme of mouse lung development pp745-750
A complete three-dimensional branching pattern and lineage of the mouse
bronchial tree, reconstructed from an analysis of hundreds of developmental
intermediates, is described. The branching process is stereotyped and
generated by three simple modes of branching used in three different orders
throughout the lung.
Ross J. Metzger, Ophir D. Klein, Gail R. Martin and Mark A. Krasnow
doi:10.1038/nature07005
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature07005.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature07005.html
07 May 2008
Drosophila endogenous small RNAs bind to Argonaute[thinsp]2 in somatic
cells pp793-797
The identification of esiRNAs, a class of small RNAs, many of which are
expressed from (and repress) retrotransposons, but in somatic cells. esiRNAs
and piRNAs interact with different subfamilies of Argonaute proteins
involved in RNAi.
Yoshinori Kawamura et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06938
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature06938.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature06938.html
04 May 2008
Cladistic analysis of continuous modularized traits provides phylogenetic
signals in Homo evolution pp775-778
This paper adopts a new approach to phylogenetic analysis that captures
large-scale, biologically meaningful shape variation, treats the data using
conventional statistical approaches and uses the output to inform a
cladistic analysis. Their test case, applied to the human lineage, could
provide a benchmark for future studies of the evolutionary relationships of
groups in which there are many similar members.
Rolando Gonzalez-Jose et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06891
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature06891.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature06891.html
30 April 2008
The Cl-/H+ antiporter ClC-7 is the primary chloride permeation pathway in
lysosomes pp788-792
This paper shows that ClC-7 is a Cl-//H+ antiporter in lysosomal membranes,
the activity of which maintains the correct membrane voltage during
acidification of the organelle. This work reinforces the idea that plasma
membrane CLCs are Cl- channels whereas 'intracellular' CLCs are antiporters.
Austin R. Graves, Patricia K. Curran, Carolyn L. Smith and Joseph A. Mindell
doi:10.1038/nature06907
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature06907.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature06907.html
23 April 2008
NF-[kgr]B links innate immunity to the hypoxic response through
transcriptional regulation of HIF-1[agr] pp807-811
The cellular response to hypoxia is regulated by the hypoxia-inducible
factor (HIF) pathway. This paper shows that HIF-1[alpha] transcription is
regulated by basal IKK-[beta]-dependent NF-[kappa]B signalling, thus linking
the hypoxic response to innate immunity and inflammation.
Jordi Rius et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06905
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature06905.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature06905.html
The determination of the structure of Saturn/'s F ring by nearby
moonlets pp739-744
A report giving direct evidence of moonlets embedded in the bright core of
Saturn's F ring, and showing that most of the F ring's morphology results
from the continual gravitational and collisional effects of small
satellites, often combined with the perturbing effect of Prometheus.
Carl D. Murray et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06999
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature06999.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature06999.html
High-harmonic generation by resonant plasmon field enhancement pp757-760
A paper demonstrating high harmonic generation that requires no extra
amplifier cavities. This is achieved by exploiting the local field
enhancement induced by resonant plasmons within a metallic nanostructure
consisting of bow-tie-shaped gold elements on a sapphire substrate.
Seungchul Kim et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07012
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature07012.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature07012.html
Charge self-regulation upon changing the oxidation state of transition
metals in insulators pp763-766
A paper looking at the response of hybrid bonds, formed between the
transition-metal atom and its host crystal, to the addition or removal of
electrons. A self-regulating process is identified that shifts the energy
levels of these bonds in such a way that the local charge on the
transition-metal atom remains approximately constant.
Hannes Raebiger, Stephan Lany and Alex Zunger
doi:10.1038/nature07009
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature07009.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature07009.html
Simultaneous teleseismic and geodetic observations of the stick-slip motion
of an Antarctic ice stream pp770-774
This report combines long-period surface-wave observations with simultaneous
GPS measurements of ice displacement to study the tidally modulated
stick-slip motion of the Whillans Ice Stream in West Antarctica. Such long
period seismic waves are useful for detecting and studying sudden ice
movement, but are insensitive to the total amount of slip.
Douglas A. Wiens, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, J. Paul Winberry and Matt A. King
doi:10.1038/nature06990
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature06990.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature06990.html
Understanding individual human mobility patterns pp779-782
This study used a sample of 100,000 mobile phone users whose trajectory was
tracked for six months to study human mobility patterns. Displacements
across all users suggest behaviour close to the Levy-flight-like pattern
observed previously based on the motion of marked dollar bills, but with a
cutoff in the distribution. The origin of the Levy patterns observed in the
aggregate data appears to be population heterogeneity and not Levy patterns
at the level of the individual.
Marta C. Gonzalez, Cesar A. Hidalgo and Albert-Laszlo Barabasi
doi:10.1038/nature06958
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/abs/nature06958.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7196/full/nature06958.html
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