1838年6月4日(Militia Muster Day)，在安大略的Beachville举办了一场棒球比赛 ，这场比赛是北美地区第一场有史料记载的棒球赛事。据记载，这场比赛有五个垒包 (当时称为bases or byes)，垒距21码，投手丘到本垒距离15码，局数决定於得到某些 特定的分数，3出局则换边，有效或无效的投球则由投手决定。 根据传说，1839年在纽约的Cooperstown，Abner Doubleday随意在纸上划出了最初 的扇形球场规格，从而发展出现代棒球的雏形。这也是为何名人堂要设立在Cooperstown 的原因，但因这件事始终只是个民间传说，相当的缺乏证据，所以Abner Doubleday从 未被选进名人堂。到了1845年，纽约成立了第一个棒球俱乐部--Knickerbocker(灯笼 裤)，同年的10月6日进行了一场比赛，由当时俱乐部的14名成员分成两队来对抗，其 中一队由俱乐部老板Duncan Curry领军，而另一队带头的是Alexander Cartwright， 终场Curry所带领的队伍在3局的比赛中以11：8获胜。这场在纽泽西Hoboken的Elysian Fields所举行的比赛，成为了美国本土第一场有记载的棒球赛。 (一般据信，这时候Knickerbocker Club打的还是Town Ball) Alexander Joy Cartwright何许人也？他在後世被人尊称为「棒球之父」，因为在 1845年9月23日这一天，Cartwright为棒球制订了一套新的规则，包括打击者3好球出 局，3人出局换边，触杀与封杀跑者，开始引入裁判，并且也建立了有效区域和界外 区的观念。内容和Town Ball的规则相去甚远，这短短的20条规则，就是相当着名的 "Knickerbocker Rules"。而这也是现代棒球规则的原点。 第一场遵循着这套新规则所举行的比赛，就在隔年1846年的6月19日，由New York Knickerbockers出战New York Baseball Club(又称为New York Nine，成员大部分来 自於Knickerbockers)，在四局的比赛中Knickerbockers以1：21惨败。这场比赛的主 审就是由Cartwright本人担任，且在这场比赛中收到了第一次的罚款，6分钱。 ==================== Knickerbocker Rules ==================== 1.Members must strictly observe the time agreed upon for exercise, and be punctual in their attendance. (要求球员准时到场) 2.When assembled for exercise, the President, or in his absence, the Vice-President, shall appoint an Umpire, who shall keep the game in a book, provided for that purpose, and note all violations of the By-Laws and Rules during the time of exercise. (俱乐部的总裁或副总裁必须在赛前指定一位裁判，裁判同时需纪录比赛过程及任 何违反规则的行为) 3.The presiding officer shall designate two members as Captains, who shall retire and make the match to be played, observing at the same time that the players put opposite to each other should be nearly equal as possible; the choice of sides to be the tossed for, and the first in hand to be decided in like manner. (需指定两队的队长，并掷硬币选边，同时要指定第一位上场的打者。当时并无主 客场之分。文中的the first in hand意思是first batter up) 4.The bases shall be from "home" to second base, forty-two paces; from first to third base, forty-two paces, equidistant. (当时用的测量规格为"步伐"，1 pace大约等於2.5～3英尺) 5.No stump match shall be played on a regular of exercise. (没特殊原因不会发生缩短比赛的情形) 6.If there should not be a sufficient number of members of the Club present at the time agreed upon to commence exercise, gentlemen not members may be chosen in to make up the match, which shall not be broken up to take in members that may afterward appear; but, in all cases, member shall have the preference, who present, at the making of a match. 7.If members appear after the game is commenced they may be chosen in if mutually agreed upon. (以上两点讲的是人数不够时，可以找非会员参加，但会员拥有优先权，当比赛开始 後才到场的会员，双方同意後即可被挑选进比赛中的球队) 8.The game to consist of twenty-one counts, or aces; but at the conclusion an equal member of hands must be played. (得21分者为胜，且两队球员必须数量相同。此时并没有run的观念，用的是纸牌 游戏的计分方式，後来才采用板球的run) 9.The ball must be pitched, and not thrown, for the bat. (规定投手要规规矩矩的把球投出，不能用球丢打者) 10.A ball knocked out the field, or outside the range of the first or third base, is foul. (对界外球做定义，即使把球打出球场，还是界外) 11.Three balls being struck at and missed and the last one caught, is a hand out; if not caught is considered fair, and the striker bound to run. (3好球出局，第三好球若没被接到，则形成fair ball，此时打者可以跑垒。之後 规则中提到的hand，代表意思就是人，a hand out即是一人出局) 12.If a ball be struck , or tipped, and caught, either flying or on the first bound, it is a hand out. (球被击出或擦棒，不管是飞行中被接到，或是一个反弹後被接到，打者都出局) 13.A player running the bases shall be out, if the ball is in the hands of an adversary on the base, or the runner is touched with it before he make base; it being understood, however, that is no instance is a ball to be thrown at him. (定义put out及force out，但守备方不能把球砸向跑者身上。这是与town ball最 大的不同点，town ball允许守备员将球往跑者身上丢，若跑者被砸到就出局) 14.A player running who shall prevent an adversary from catching or getting the ball before making his base, is a hand out. (跑者妨碍守备即出局) 15.Three hands out, all out. (三出局换边) 16.Players must take their strike in regular turn. (打者必须进行打击) 17.All disputes and differences relative to the game, to be decided by Umpire , from which there is no appeal. (场上的歧见与纷争都由裁判做定夺) 18.No ace or base can be made on a foul strike. (打者打出界外球时，跑者不能进垒) 19.A runner cannot be put out in making one base, when a balk is made by the pitcher. (投手暴投时，不能对只进一个垒的跑者进行触杀) 20.But one base allowed when a ball bounds out of the field when struck. (击出的球反弹出球场时，可以进一个垒。这是呼应第十点，球直接飞出场算界外) ================================================================= 内容虽然简陋，但已经可以看到现在很多棒球规则的雏形，如妨碍守备、场地二 垒安打。之後经过相当多的变革，同时球场设备的改进，投手投球区域和打者打击 区域大小改变，投手丘向後拉远，设立全垒打墙...等，零零总总加起来，去芜存菁 一番，最後就成了现在我们所看到的棒球规则。 参考资料： http://www.19cbaseball.com/ http://www.19cbaseball.com/knickerbockerRules.html --

※ 发信站: 批踢踢实业坊(ptt.cc) ◆ From: 59.126.79.190 ※ 编辑: waitla 来自: 59.126.79.190 (05/06 19:48) ※ 编辑: waitla 来自: 59.126.79.190 (05/06 20:04) ※ 编辑: waitla 来自: 59.126.79.190 (05/06 23:32) ※ gary27:转录至看板 Baseball 03/17 21:27