※ 引述《SuperMaster (神手)》之铭言： : Although the hormone adrenaline is known to regulate : memory storage, it does not pass from the blood into : brain cells. We are faced with an apparent paradox: how : can a hormone that does not act directly on the brain : have such a large effect on brain function? ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 这是作者的疑问 : Recently, we tested the possibility that one of the : hormone’s actions outside the brain might be responsible. ^^^^^^^ 这是作者对他的疑问的假设 : Since one consequence of adrenaline release in an animal : is an increase in blood glucose levels, we examined the : effects of glucose on memory in rats. We found that glucose : injected immediately after training enhances memory tested : the next day. Additional evidence was provided by negative ^^^^^^^^^ 这一句就是他想要证实的: glucose会造成enhance memory 所以他想要反向证明: 这个enhance memory不是由adrenaline直接造成 而是由glucose 那要怎麽证明？ 1.单纯打glucose进去也会有类似的效果 2.就算有adrenaline，若不造成glucose上昇就没有memory enhancement 3.所以用adrenergic blocker --> glucose 不会上昇 --> memory不会enhance 4.用adrenergic blocker --> glucose不上昇 -->memory不会enhance -->强制注射glucose --> memory enhance : findings: drugs called adrenergic antagonists, which block : peripheral adrenaline receptors, disrupted adrenaline’s : ability to regulate memory but did not affect memory : enhancements produced by glucose that was not stimulated : by adrenaline. These results are as they should be if : adrenaline affects memory modulation by increasing blood : glucose levels. 单纯以解题来看 : 4. The author refers to the results of the experiment using : adrenergic antagonists as “negative findings” (line 13) : most likely because the adrenergic antagonists : (A) failed to disrupt adrenaline’s effect on memory 错 因为"drugs called adrenergic antagonists, ......disrupted adrenaline's ability to regulate memory.." : (B) did not affect glucose’s ability to enhance memory 对 "but did not affect memory enhancements produced by glucose.." : (C) did not block adrenaline’s ability to increase blood glucose levels 错 都说了是 adrenergic "blocker" 但也可以说这选项是 out of scope (超出内容范围) : (D) only partially affected adrenaline’s ability to enhance memory 错 他没有说partial : (E) disrupted both adrenaline’s and glucose’s effect on memory 错 就说没有影响非adrenaline-induced glucose 的memory effect : 答案是：B : 首先,我对文章的理解是这样的 : 待解释的现象：hormone adrenaline是怎麽不和大脑直接作用而影响记忆？ : 读到这,我就知道文章接下来要说明问号的内容 ： hormone adrenaline -> ? -> 记忆 : 果然,是因为adrenaline产生葡萄糖 而葡萄糖影响记忆 : 证据1： 把葡萄糖注入老鼠 记忆up : 反向证据2 : 某drug会block adrenaline的接收器 所以无法影响记忆 这里说的不对 他只说不会影响 adrenaline-induced的glucose对记忆的影响 再者 内文说 "disrupted adrenaline's ability to regulate memory" : 而且不影响不是由adrenaline产生的葡萄糖 同上，adrenaline还是影响记忆啊 : 我的问题是 我看不懂证据2的意义在哪？为何他是反向证据 你2的解读有点小不正确 : 而且证据1已经说明葡萄糖响记忆 : 那麽证据2的"不是由adrenaline产生的葡萄糖”本来就不会被影响阿 : 为什麽”不是由adrenaline产生的葡萄糖不被影响” 这句话却成为反向证据的关键 : 我不知道我是不理解文章意思还是没有搞懂反向证据的意思 : 麻烦高手解答 : 谢谢 --

※ 发信站: 批踢踢实业坊(ptt.cc), 来自: 223.139.72.17 ※ 文章网址: https://webptt.com/cn.aspx?n=bbs/GRE/M.1453979091.A.3E4.html no problem 我再解释清楚一点 positive finding指的是 glucose造成memory enhancement (无论是adrenaline造成与否) negative finding指的是能够反向证明 也就是说用adr blocker-->会造成glucose没有上升 -->所以没有memory enhancement 为了证明记忆是glucose造成的 所以更确实地去证实 就算在有adrenaline的情况下 去注射glucose --> memory enhance + 是指 = 直接给glucose --> memory enhance - 是指 = 阻断glucose上升的原因 (意思就是给adr blocker) --> no memory enhance 然後为了再更科学的证明犯人就是glucose 就在有adr blocker的强况下 再把glucose注射进去 --> memory enhance 所以若你真的要去细分哪个是"negative finding" 那我会说应该就是指给adrenaline blocker这件事 --> no memory enhancement ※ 编辑: yujungc (223.139.72.17), 01/28/2016 23:27:24