Incarcerated Hernia才对 : ，right side。病人需紧急手术，采用全身麻醉，手术结束後，病人发生严重的气喘，药 : 物处理又，送加护病房观察。病人平常一天抽两包烟，且有高血压与糖尿病，如果病人术 : 前有作肺功能测试，可能会有什麽结果，怎麽判读？手术後再做一次肺功能，结果可能会 : 有什麽不同？如有不同，为什麽？ Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2007;2(4):493-515. Perioperative medical management of patients with COPD. Licker M, Schweizer A, Ellenberger C, Tschopp JM, Diaper J, Clergue F. Service d'Anesthésiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Genève, Switzerland. [email protected] Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart diseases are considered independent risk factors for mortality and major cardiopulmonary complications after surgery. Coronary artery disease, heart failure and COPD share common risk factors and are often encountered,--isolated or combined--, in many surgical candidates. Perioperative optimization of these high-risk patients deserves a thorough understanding of the patient cardiopulmonary diseases as well as the respiratory consequences of surgery and anesthesia. In contrast with cardiac risk stratification where the extent of heart disease largely influences postoperative cardiac outcome, surgical-related factors (ie, upper abdominal and intra-thoracic procedures, duration of anesthesia, presence of a nasogastric tube) largely dominate patient's comorbidities as risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications. Although most COPD patients tolerate tracheal intubation under "smooth" anesthetic induction without serious adverse effects, regional anesthetic blockade and application of laryngeal masks or non-invasive positive pressure ventilation should be considered whenever possible, in order to provide optimal pain control and to prevent upper airway injuries as well as lung baro-volotrauma. Minimally-invasive procedures and modern multimodal analgesic regimen are helpful to minimize the surgical stress response, to speed up the physiological recovery process and to shorten the hospital stay. Reflex-induced bronchoconstriction and hyperdynamic inflation during mechanical ventilation could be prevented by using bronchodilating volatile anesthetics and adjusting the ventilatory settings with long expiration times. Intraoperatively, the depth of anesthesia, the circulatory volume and neuromuscular blockade should be assessed with modem physiological monitoring tools to titrate the administration of anesthetic agents, fluids and myorelaxant drugs. The recovery of postoperative lung volume can be facilitated by patient's education and empowerment, lung recruitment maneuvers, non-invasive pressure support ventilation and early ambulation. J Asthma. 2006 May;43(4):251-4. Asthma, surgery, and general anesthesia: a review. Tirumalasetty J, Grammer LC. Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. Abstract Over 20 million Americans are affected with asthma. Many will require some type of surgical procedure during which their asthma management should be optimized. Preoperative assessment of asthma should include a specialized history and physical as well as pulmonary function testing. In many asthmatic patients, treatment with systemic corticosteroids and bronchodilators is indicated to prevent the inflammation and bronchoconstriction associated with endotracheal intubation. The use of corticosteroids has not been shown to adversely affect wound healing or increase the rate of infections postoperatively. Preoperative systemic corticosteroids may be used safely in the majority of patients to decrease asthma-related morbidity. 下次PBL作业要自己做哦 这PAPER一大堆 随便找都有 重要的是训练解决问题的过程 如果这样的问题就上来问 那这条路你会走得很辛苦 不然就是病人很辛苦 --

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