原标题是: 《脑筋急转弯》对记忆跟情绪的描绘是错误的，但仍具参考价值, 因为太长放 不下, 只好擅自改标题. 网址: http://pansci.asia/archives/83510 五月的时候在美国心理学会的大会上，就看到这部电影的宣传摊位，当时就很想看这部讨 论心理学的电影，无奈等到近三个月後才如愿。电影宣传中看到以情绪角色来做宣传，再 加上我的前老板 Lisa Feldman Barrett 也在媒体上发表文章评论这电影犯了一个重大的 错误，都让我以为这部电影是要谈论情绪是怎麽一回事，看了之後才恍然大悟，这根本是 假情绪之名探讨更深层的「人之所以为人」的道理啊！ 性格的形成 从电影的角度出发，性格的形成，就是因为经验，特别是一些「核心经验」的累积，造就 了不同的性格岛。脑中的思绪列车会经过这些岛屿、长期记忆区等，把这些东西带到大脑 管控室，进而影响我们的行为表现。如果大脑管控室不知道该怎麽作，我们就会脑中一片 空白。 电影中关於性格形成的描述，大方向是对的，但核心经验不应该像电影中描绘的只是单一 的事件，而是很多类似事件的累积，会形成了一种信念。这些信念会影响我们的心智运作 ，也会受到後续事件的影响而有所转变，可能会变的更坚定，也可能会变得更脆弱。但若 单一事件是非常震撼的，也很有可能就会因此影响了人的信念，而且非常难扭转。 记忆究竟是怎麽一回事？ 这大概是电影中严重的错误之一，因为人的记忆根本不是把单一事件完整的储存，然後完 整的提取。我喜欢用的比喻是这样的，若把要记得的事情当作一本书，我们记忆运作的方 式就是把这本书拆开来，然後分门别类放在长期记忆区；日後要回想这件事情时，就从长 期记忆去把这些片段拼凑成一本书，想当然尔，记忆肯定和原本的事件有所出入，但这就 是我们记忆运作的机制。 至於讯息是否真的被遗忘、随风消逝，还是有争议的。如同上一段提到的，我们记忆不是 针对单一事件完整保存，所以要完全遗忘某一个元素，其实非常的困难，根本不可能！当 然近来陆续有研究者尝试抹去记忆，在动物身上也得到颇正面的结果。但我们要做到像电 影《王牌冤家》那样记忆消除技术，可能还需要很长一段时间。 至於潜意识的描绘，很显然是受到佛洛伊德的影响，唯一要抱怨的就是，潜意识不一定只 有我们害怕的事物，也会有我们很渴望但不符合社会规范的事物啊！ 不过影片中「忧忧」把快乐记忆变难过，倒是一个相对正确的描绘，因为同一个事件，确 实会因为人们诠释的角度，而有了全盘不同的情绪感受。 那情绪又是怎麽一回事？ 让我前老板抓狂的就是电影中对於情绪的描绘，除了参考我前老板的文章之外，也可以看 看我几年前写的东西。简单来说，情绪不应该是壁垒分明的几个简单概念，但我们从小到 大却一直被教育情绪就是那样，所以人们很难接受情绪不是壁垒分明概念这件事情。 讲难听一点，情绪类别可能只是为了方便沟通的一些用语，而不是我们真正的感受。各位 可以想像一下，当没有「冏」这个词汇的时候，难道你就不会有那种有点尴尬的感受吗？ 那情绪究竟是甚麽？其实情绪就是心智运作最基本的元素之一，电影中的所有记忆都被标 记了一个情绪，某种程度来说算是略正确的描绘，因为情绪就是那样无所不在。当情绪没 有办法运作的时候，我们基本上跟早期的机器人没有甚麽太大的差别，只是执行力比较逊 一点。电影最後的片段强化了情绪在生命中不可或缺的角色，就是很贴切且真实的呈现。 撇开将情绪类别化的错误，影片中对於情绪影响的呈现是很具参考价值的： 人们在悲伤情绪下，比较能够作逻辑性的思考 每种情绪都有其优缺点，妥善运用，就能够有最好的成效 人或许不能只有快乐，情绪是整套贩售的，有欠缺人生就会有缺陷 除了上述讨论的部分之外，电影也针对抽象思考、梦境、创造力做了很精彩的呈现，也让 电影的情节得以顺利发展。若要说这电影带出了甚麽讯息，大概就是： 我们该去拥抱自己的情绪，因为不论是快乐、难过，都有其功用及必要性 要认真过每一分钟，因为每个事件都会对於我们自己、他人造成影响 要多给自己的信念一些发挥的空间，若只是持续被诱发，那人生有点可惜啊！ 作者: Y. M. Huang 辅大心理系副教授，主要研究领域：探讨情绪与认知之间的关系、老化对认知功能的影响 、以及如何在生活中落实认知心理学的研究成果。 部落格网址：认知与情绪新闻网 http://cogemonews.com -- 这篇的参考文献有 Lisa Feldman Barrett的撰文. 我觉得讲的蛮好的. 在emotion学术界 , localizing & constructionism 一直争论是否有单一脑区可以掌管特定情绪. Barrett是 constructionism的大力推广者. 有兴趣可以念这篇论文. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661312002215 Barrett的撰文的最後一段很重要. 虽然电影中有了错误, 但观众只要知道有错误就好了. 这仍然影响不了电影的娱乐性质, 更何况电影也教导了观众, 负面的感受与经验如何引导 我们的行为. -- Brain Scientist: How Pixar’s ‘Inside Out’ Gets One Thing Deeply Wrong Pixar’s “Inside Out” is the latest in a long tradition of animated entertainment that teaches us about science. Chemistry, as I learned from Saturday morning cartoons, is about mixing colorful, bubbling liquids in test tubes until they explode. “Roadrunner and Coyote” cartoons—those fine nature documentaries—taught me physics: If you run off a cliff, you’ll hang in mid-air until the unfortunate moment that you look down. Computer science is apparently about robots that kill you. And now, with “Inside Out,” we finally have cartoon neuroscience. Your brain, it turns out, is populated with characters for each emotion, and they press buttons to control your expressions. This is all good fun and a sweet movie. What is surprising, however, is that some scientists have taken this model seriously for a century and actually search for these characters in the brain. Not as animated creatures, mind you, but as blobs of brain circuitry. This blob over here is your “fear circuit,” they say, or this other blob “ computes anger.” And every time you experience an emotion, your corresponding blob of neurons supposedly leaps into action, triggering your face and body to respond in a consistent way. Your Fear blob makes you freeze with widened eyes. Your Anger blob makes you scowl and your heart speed up. And so on. The thing is, this science of “blob-ology” is no more realistic than detonating test tubes and hovering coyotes. Today’s neuroscientists finally have the technology to peer into a living brain without harming its owner, and it’s clear that the brain doesn’t operate even remotely in this cartoonish fashion. We might perceive Joy, Fear and Anger as separate entities — even gloriously rendered in 32-bit color — but the evidence from neuroscience is overwhelmingly against it. For example, my lab has analyzed nearly 100 published brain-imaging studies by other scientists, involving nearly 1,300 test subjects across 15 years, and found that no brain region is the home for any single emotion. (We do have brain circuits for behaviors like freezing and fighting, as do other animals, but not for complex mental states like fear and anger.) In another analysis covering 22,000 test subjects across more than 200 studies over 20 years, we demonstrated that anger, happiness, sadness and other emotions don’t have consistent responses in the body either. And plenty of studies have shown that human facial expressions have tremendous variety, far more than would occur if they were automatically launched by “ emotion blobs” in the brain. The blob-ology of emotion would be cute if it weren’t also so serious. The U.S. Transportation Security Administration spent almost a billion dollars training its agents to recognize terrorists, on the assumption that their facial and bodily movements could reveal emotion. (It failed.) Our legal system at its core treats emotion and reason like two battling characters in the brain. (They’re not.) Medical researchers investigate the relationship between heart attacks and anger, as if anger has one consistent state in the body. (It doesn’t.) So many critical parts of our lives rest on the invalid assumption that emotions can be located distinctly in the brain. If emotion blob-ology is wrong, how does your brain make emotions? It constructs instances of happiness, sadness and the rest via several general-purpose systems that work together. These systems span your entire brain. One system relates to your general feeling of your body. Another represents your knowledge from your past experiences. These and other systems —which are not exclusive to emotion—converge to make an instance of emotion when you need one. So happiness and fear are not brain blobs — they are whole-brain constructions. The inner workings of emotions in the brain are less like Joy and her pals and more like the Avengers, who save the world by working together as a team. When space aliens attack the Earth and the Avengers need a clever plan, there is no dedicated “clever plan” hero who leaps into action. Instead, Tony Stark and Bruce Banner dream up the scientific parts and Captain America adds a touch of morality. The team also has interchangeable powers: If a situation calls for super-strength but the Hulk is unavailable, then Thor or Iron Man can handle the task. Similarly in the brain, different combinations of circuitry can perform the same task. I suspect the Avengers model of emotion doesn’t match your daily experience at all, because you’re not aware of multiple team members collaborating in your head, but that’s not unusual. Science is full of unintuitive truths. The Earth looks flat even though it’s a sphere. The sun seems to travel through the sky from east to west, when of course it’s the Earth that rotates. Physics tells us that the universe is constructed of vibrating strings in 11 dimensions. And then there’s this little reality called “ evolution” that causes such consternation in certain circles. The bottom line is this: Go ahead, see “Inside Out” and be entertained. Learn its touching, Disney-style lesson that unpleasant experiences can be helpful guides for your behavior. Just remember this isn’t really how emotions work. Joy and her lovable pals from Cartoon Neuroscience Land are the Wile E. Coyotes of our day. Lisa Feldman Barrett is director of the Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory and University Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Northeastern University. Her upcoming book, “How Emotions Are Made,” is to be published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Daniel J. Barrett is the author of 10 books on technology, including the upcoming “Linux Pocket Guide, 3rd Edition” (O’Reilly, 2016). 网址: http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2015/07/brain-scientist-how-pixars-inside-out-get s-one-thing-deeply-wrong ( http://tinyurl.com/ncbhegk ) --

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