Current Biology的研究指出受训并考过驾驶执照的伦敦小黄驾驶有着比较大的海马的灰质 体积,但受训没考过驾照的就不会有这个现象. 也就是说, 受过训练的小黄驾驶在大脑结构上会有改变, 单单这样好像没什麽稀奇, 但这会是一个後天训练改变大脑结构的一个有力证明. 原文: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221101267X Summary: The last decade has seen a burgeoning of reports associating brain structure with specific skills and traits (e.g., [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] and [8] ]). Although these cross-sectional studies are informative, cause and effect are impossible to establish without longitudinal investigation of the same individuals before and after an intervention. Several longitudinal studies have been conducted (e.g., [ [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] and [18] ]); some involved children or young adults, potentially conflating brain development with learning, most were restricted to the motor domain, and all concerned relatively short timescales (weeks or months). Here, by contrast, we utilized a unique opportunity to study average-IQ adults operating in the real world as they learned, over four years, the complex layout of London's streets while training to become licensed taxi drivers. In those who qualified, acquisition of an internal spatial representation of London was associated with a selective increase in gray matter (GM) volume in their posterior hippocampi and concomitant changes to their memory profile. No structural brain changes were observed in trainees who failed to qualify or control participants. We conclude that specific, enduring, structural brain changes in adult humans can be induced by biologically relevant behaviors engaging higher cognitive functions such as spatial memory, with significance for the “nature versus nurture”debate. --

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