看到这一篇文章: Twenty-One Experts Define Cloud Computing http://cloudcomputing.sys-con.com/node/612375?page=0,0 稍微列一列几句有趣的定义: "What is cloud computing all about? Amazon has coined the word "elasticity" which gives a good idea about the key features: you can scale your infra- structure on demand within minutes or even seconds, instead of days or weeks, thereby avoiding under-utilization (idle servers) and over-utilization (blue screen) of in-house resources. With monitoring and increasing automation of resource provisioning we might one day wake up in a world where we don't have to care about scaling our Web applications because they can do it alone." -Markus Klems Amazon创造"弹性"一词,用在云端,是说可以很快建立一个系统,不用怕当机. 网路系统 的规模可以自动扩展. "For me the simplest explanation for cloud computing is describing it as, 'internet centric software.' This new cloud computing software model is a shift from the traditional single tenant approach to software development to that of a scalable, multi-tenant, multi-platform, multi-network, and global. This could be as simple as your web based email service or as complex as a globally distributed load balanced content delivery environment. I think drawing a distinction on whether its, PaaS, SaaS, HaaS is completely secondary, ultimately all these approaches are attempting to solve the same problems (scale). As software transitions from a traditional desktop deploy- ment model to that of a network & data centric one, "the cloud" will be the key way in which you develop, deploy and manage applications in this new computing paradigm." - Reuven Cohen 云计算,就是以网路为中心的软体使用. 应用环境不再是单用户,而是多用户,多平台, 以及多网路的全域环境. 用起来简单地像以往使用网路电子邮件系统那样,复杂则复杂 地像分散式负载平均的内容派送系统. 至於PaaS,SaaS或HaaS什麽的,都很次要,只不过 是达到目标的手段而已. "I view cloud computing as a broad array of web-based services aimed at allowing users to obtain a wide range of functional capabilities on a 'pay- as-you-go' basis that previously required tremendous hardware/software in- vestments and professional skills to acquire. Cloud computing is the reali- zation of the earlier ideals of utility computing without the technical complexities or complicated deployment worries." - Jeff Kaplan 他觉得云端运算就是一列陈列展示的网路服务功能,可以随你挑选并付费使用. 各种 软体,过去可能要花相当大的代价,购买软硬体和专业技能人才,才可以拥有. 云端走 的就是实用路线,这种概念很先进,不过实现时的复杂技术和程序的省掉了. "People are coming to grips with Virtualization and how it reshapes IT, creates service and software based models, and in many ways changes a lot of the physical layer we are used to. Clouds will be the next transforma- tion over the next several years, building off of the software models that virtualization enabled." - Douglas Gourlay 虚拟化原则会被牢牢抓着,改变IT架构. 各种方面都会改变到我们现有的实体架构 层面,使软体变成走以服务和软体为基础的模型. "The way I understand it, "cloud computing" refers to the bigger picture... basically the broad concept of using the internet to allow people to access technology-enabled services. According to Gartner, those services must be 'massively scalable' to qualify as true 'cloud computing'. So according to that definition, every time I log into Facebook, or search for flights on- line, I am taking advantage of cloud computing." - Praising Gaw 他认为云计算的大版图是由科技启动的服务,是能大规模运作的服务,并且能让人们 使用. "The "Cloud" concept is finally wrapping peoples' minds around what is possible when you leverage web-scale infrastructure (application and phy- sical) in an on-demand way. "Managed Services", "ASP", "Grid Computing", "Software as a Service", "Platform as a Service", "Anything as a Service"... all terms that couldn't get it done. Call it a "Cloud" and everyone goes bonkers. Go figure." - Damon Edwards 云的概念,就是把人对许多东西的看法: 包含代管服务,应用服务供应,格计算, 软体即服务,平台即服务,或什麽都即服务等等,将这些看法包裹成一种单一,扁平的 网路架构运用方式. "There sure is a lot of confusion when it comes to talking about cloud computing. Yet, it does not need to be so complicated. There really are only three types of services that are cloud based: SaaS, PaaS, and Cloud Computing Platforms. I am not sure being massively scalable is a require- ment to fit into any one category." - Brian de Haaff 云端运算很简单,不必想很复杂,就是三种服务: 包含软体即服务,平台即服务,和 运计算平台. 而大规模不一定都要塞到这三种分类中. "SaaS is one consumer facing usage of cloud computing. While it's something of a semantic discussion it is important for people inside to have an under- standing of what it all means. Put simply cloud computing is the infra- structural paradigm shift that enables the ascension of SaaS." - Ben Kepes 软体即服务,是指消费者对云端运算的使用方式. 除了语意上的探讨,也应该要了解 在内部它是什麽意思. 云端运算是一种架构上的改变,用以提升软体即服务. "The 'cloud' model initially has focused on making the hardware layer consumable as on-demand compute and storage capacity. This is an important first step, but for companies to harness the power of the cloud, complete application infrastructure needs to be easily configured, deployed, dyna- mically-scaled and managed in these virtualized hardware environments." - Kirill Sheynkman 云模型本来是谈硬体层的主题,让计算和储存是可随选地使用. 除了这第一步之外, 企业也要关心如何驾御云的威力,那就是整个应用架构要很容易设定,布署,动态控制 规模并管理. "I was chatting with a customer the other day who was struggling with some of the implications of cloud computing. The analogy that finally made sense to them is what I will call 'cloud dining.' I am the cook in the house and I am tasked with feeding the family. If my 10-year old is lobbying for Italian, I am cook at home or order out. The decision may also vary from day to day. For instance, I might not have all the ingredients and have to order out, or, like this weekend, it may be 103 outside and cooking at home is not all that appealing. Now, the same can be said for supporting a given application in a cloud computing environment. In a fully implemented Data Center 3.0 environment, you can decide if an app is run locally (cook at home), in someone else’s data center (take-out) and you can change your mind on the fly in case you are short on data center resources (pantry is empty) or you having environmental/facilities issues (too hot to cook). In fact, with automation, a lot of this can can be done with policy and real-time triggers. For example, during month end processing, you might always shift non-critical apps offsite, or if you pass a certain cooling threshold, you might ship certain processing offsite." - Omar Sultan 举个使用厨房做一餐的例子,你会有备料或厨房环境的问题. 但其实有另一个选择是 可以决定要在家里做菜,或者是去外食. 完整的3.0资料中心也可以这样,让你决定 资料要放自己的所在,或者是放在外部资料中心. 使用外部资料中心还可以克服你 自己所在缺少一些资源,或是系统环境不良的情况. 至於这些工作的自动化,可以由 一些控制准则和即时的触发程序来进行. "Cloud computing overlaps some of the concepts of distributed, grid and utility computing, however it does have its own meaning if contextually used correctly. Cloud computing really is accessing resources and services needed to perform functions with dynamically changing needs. An application or service developer requests access from the cloud rather than a specific endpoint or named resource. What goes on in the cloud manages multiple infrastructures across multiple organizations and consists of one or more frameworks overlaid on top of the infrastructures tying them together. The cloud is a virtualization of resources that maintains and manages itself." - Kevin Hartig 云端运算虽然跟许多旧的概念重叠,不过在使用情境上如果正确,可是很不相同. 云端运算是动态地使用所需的资源,而且人在用云端运算时,是对云提出请求,而不是 对特定的端点或具名资源提出请求. 而云的虚拟资源是自我维护,自我管理的. "Clouds are vast resource pools with on-demand resource allocation. The degree of on-demandness can vary from phone calls to web forms to actual APIs that directly requisition servers. I tend to consider slow forms of requisitioning to be more like traditional datacenters, and the quicker ones to be more cloudy. A public facing API is a must for true clouds. Clouds are virtualized. On-demand requisitioning implies the ability to dynamically resize resource allocation or moving customers from one phy- sical server to another transparently. This is all difficult or impossi- ble without virtualization. Clouds tend to be priced like utilities (hourly, rather than per-resour- ce), and I think we’ll see this model catching on more and more as com- puting resources become as cheap and ubiquitous as water, electricity, and gas (well, maybe not gas). However, I think this is a trend, not a requirement. You can certainly have clouds that are priced like pizza, per slice." - Jan Pritzker 云就是随选配置的大批资源: 随选的规模可从电话下单到网页表单请求之间,有所 不同. 这些资源慢一点可能像普通的资料中心,如果快一点就是云了, 真正的云 必须有些公用介面的API可用. 云是虚拟的: 随选的请求意思就是,资源要动态调整数目,可能是使用的server数目 从一到多也跟着更动. 云倾向於随使用定价: 依时计费,这样的模式会让计算资源越来越便宜,很像水电和 瓦斯的计价方式. 但他觉得这不一定是必然的走向,也可能是像卖pizza,依片数计价. "Cloud computing is ... the user-friendly version of grid computing." - Trevor Doerksen 云端运算,就是友善使用版的网格计算. "Most computer savvy folks actually have a pretty good idea of what the term "cloud computing" means: outsourced, pay-as-you-go, on-demand, somewhere in the Internet, etc." - Thorsten von Eicken 电脑达人们其实知道云端运算的概念,就是: 外包,付费使用,随选使用,还有上网等等. "In order to discuss some of the issues surrounding The Cloud concept, I think it is important to place it in historical context. Looking at the Cloud's forerunners, and the problems they encountered, gives us the re- ference points to guide us through the challenges it needs to overcome be- fore it is adopted." - Paul Wallis 只要看看云的一些祖先的前车之鉴,就可以预想云端运算可能遭受什麽问题,那就在 采用云端运算之前先把它的挑战给克服. "I would like to propose a 'Cloud Pyramid' to help differentiate the various Cloud offerings out there. [At the top of the pyramind] users are truly restricted to only what the application is and can do. Some of the notable companies here are the public email providers (Gmail, Hotmail, Quicken Online, etc.). Almost any Software as a Service (SaaS) provider can be lumped into this group. As you move further down the pyramid, you gain increased flexibility and control but your a still fairly restricted to what you can and cannot do. Within this Category things get more complicated to achieve. Products and companies like Google App Engine, Heroku, Mosso, Engine Yard, Joyent or force.com (SalesForce platform) fall into this segment. At the bottom of the pyramid are the infrastructure providers like Amazon's EC2, GoGrid, RightScale and Linode. Companies providing infrastructure enable Cloud Platforms and Cloud Applications. Most companies within this segment operate their own infrastructure, allowing them to provide more features, services and control than others within the pyramid." - Michael Sheehan 云端运算各层面都在一个金字塔框架中. 顶端用户被限制在只知道应用程式该怎麽用. 有相当多的SaaS参与这一层. 到中层,多了一些弹性与控制,一些云端开发平台落在这 一层. 底层是指内部架构的提供. 在底层的企业会有自己的内部架构,有更多的操作 功能,服务与控制. "The web fanatics and blogosphere would have you believe that all applica- tions will move to the web. Some will, most will not. Reliability, scala- bility, security, and a host of other issues will prevent most businesses from moving their mission critical applications to hosted services or cloud based services. The risk of failure is too great. Amazon is the leader in cloud based services, but even Amazon has expe- rienced down times for its own business. Cloud services will continue to improve. But my guess is the uptake will take longer than most people pre- dict." - Don Dodge 有些人瞎说云端运算是什麽都搬上网路,其实那样很危险. 事实上,有些会这样做, 但大多公司并不会什麽都搬上网路. 即便Amazon也经历过服务停止的问题,云端服务 的持续改进会超过有些人的唱衰. "Today's combination of high-speed networks, sophisticated PC graphics pro- cessors, and fast, inexpensive servers and disk storage has tilted engineers toward housing more computing in data centers. In the earlier part of this decade, researchers espoused a similar, centralized approach called "grid computing." But cloud computing projects are more powerful and crash-proof than grid systems developed even in recent years." - Aaron Ricadela 高速网路,先进的图像处理器和便宜的伺服器和储存系统促使人尽量多用资料中心做 一些计算. 早期有研究支持简单的集中式的平行系统,称为网格计算. 不过云端运算 比较强大,并且近年来较快证实为凌驾网格计算之上. "When virtualizing applications to be used by people who care nothing about computers or technology - as is mostly the case with Clouds - the key thing we want to virtualize or hide from the user is complexity. Most people want to deal with an application or a service, not software. ... The more intel- ligent we want [computers and computer applications] to be - that is, intu- itive, exhibiting common sense and not making us have to constantly take care of them - the more smart software it will take. But with cloud compu- ting, our expectation is that all that software will be virtualized or hidden from us and taken care of by systems and/or professionals that are somewhere else - out there in The Cloud." - Irving Wladawsky Berger 虚拟化应用的用户可能根本不在乎电脑中的什麽技术; 使用者要用的是应用和服务, 而不是软体. 好的应用系统用起来就是越直觉,并且越符合常理的使用方式. 云端 服务商的技工该作的是系统方面和专门技术方面的东西,藏到云的某处. "Cloud computing really comes into focus only when you think about what IT always needs: a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licens- ing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any subscription-based or pay- per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends IT's existing capabilities." - Bill Martin 云端运算实现的是IT所要的,在不投资新架构,不招募新员工,不买新软体的授权之下, 马上获得新的IT能力,或是增加能力. 这种IT能力的延伸,即时在网路上就能发生. --

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