※ [本文转录自 Catholic 看板] 作者: falstaff (no day but today) 看板: Catholic 标题: [纽时] 法国穆斯林在天主教学校寻找避风港 时间: Wed Oct 1 12:36:35 2008 French Muslims Find Haven in Catholic Schools 法国穆斯林在天主教学校寻找避风港 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/30/world/europe/30schools.html?_r=1&em=&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print By KATRIN BENNHOLD MARSEILLE, France — The bright cafeteria of St. Mauront Catholic School is conspicuously quiet: It is Ramadan, and 80 percent of the students are Muslim. When the lunch bell rings, girls and boys stream out past the crucifixes and the large wooden cross in the corridor, heading for Muslim midday prayer. 法国天主教学校是安静：这是斋戒月，而且百分之八十的学生是穆斯林。当午饭铃声 响起，女孩和男孩经过十字架和大木头交叉的走廊，前往穆斯林中午祈祷。 “There is respect for our religion here,” said Nadia Oualane, 14, a student of Algerian descent who wears her hair hidden under a black head scarf. “In the public school,” she added, gesturing at nearby buildings, “I would not be allowed to wear a veil.” “在这里 他们尊重我们的宗教 ”纳迪亚说 ， 14岁，一名把她的头发隐藏在黑色头巾的 阿尔及利亚後裔学生。 “在公立学校， ”她补充说， “我不会被允许戴面纱。 In France, which has only four Muslim schools, some of the country’s 8,847 Roman Catholic schools have become refuges for Muslims seeking what an overburdened, secularist public sector often lacks: spirituality, an environment in which good manners count alongside mathematics, and higher academic standards. 在法国只有4个穆斯林学校， 而8847个 罗马天主教学校已成为穆斯林的庇护所 No national statistics are kept, but Muslim and Catholic educators estimate that Muslim students now make up more than 10 percent of the two million students in Catholic schools. In ethnically mixed neighborhoods in Marseille and the industrial north, the proportion can be more than half. 穆斯林和天主教教育工作者估计，穆斯林学生现在在200万天主教学校学生中超过百分之 十。在民族混居的地区，马赛和北部的工业，这一比例可以超过半数。 The quiet migration of Muslims to private Catholic schools highlights how hard it has become for state schools, long France’s tool for integration, to keep their promise of equal opportunity. Traditionally, the republican school, born of the French Revolution, was the breeding ground for citizens. The shift from these schools is another indication of the challenge facing the strict form of secularism known as “la ïcité.” Following centuries of religious wars and a long period of conflict between the nascent Republic and an assertive clergy, a 1905 law granted religious freedom in predominantly Roman Catholic France and withdrew financial support and formal recognition from all faiths. Religious education and symbols were banned from public schools. 经过几百年的宗教战争，并在很长一段之间国家与教会的冲突 1905年法律赋予的宗教自由 公立学校禁止宗教教育 France is now home to around five million Muslims, Western Europe’s largest such community, and new fault lines have emerged. In 2004, a ban on the head scarf in state schools prompted outcry and debate about loosening the interpretation of the 1905 law. 法国现在有大约500万穆斯林 2004年，禁止头巾的规定 在学校引起强烈抗议和辩论 “Laïcité has become the state’s religion, and the republican school is its temple,” said Imam Soheib Bencheikh, a former grand mufti in Marseille and founder of its Higher Institute of Islamic Studies. Imam Bencheikh’s oldest daughter attends Catholic school. “It’s ironic,” he said, “but today the Catholic Church is more tolerant of — and knowledgeable about — Islam than the French state.” “这是具有讽刺意味的， ”他说， “但今天，天主教会比法国政府 更加宽容的-和了解 -伊斯兰教。” For some, economics argue for Catholic schools, which tend to be smaller than public ones and much less expensive than private schools in other countries. In return for the schools’ teaching the national curriculum and being open to students of all faiths, the government pays teachers’ salaries and a per-student subsidy. Annual costs for parents average 1,400 euros (less than $2,050) for junior high school and 1,800 euros (about $2,630) for high school, according to the Roman Catholic educational authority. 每年的学费 平均为一千四百欧元（少於2050美元 ）的初中 和1800欧元（约二千六百三十〇美元）高中， In France’s highly centralized education system, the national curriculum proscribes religious instruction beyond general examination of religious tenets and faiths as it occurs in history lessons. Religious instruction, like Catholic catechism, is voluntary. 全国课程禁止宗教教育考试 超出一般的宗教信条和信仰， And Catholic schools take steps to accommodate different faiths. One school in Dijon allows Muslim students to use the chapel for Ramadan prayers. 天主教学校适应不同的信仰。一所学校允许穆斯林学生使用教堂在斋戒月祈祷。 Catholic schools are also free to allow girls to wear head scarves. Many honor the state ban, but several, like St. Mauront, tolerate a discreet covering. 天主教学校还让女孩戴头巾。 The school, tucked under an overpass in the city’s northern housing projects, embodies tectonic shifts in French society over the past century. Founded in 1905 in a former soap factory, the school initially served mainly Catholic students whose parents were French, said the headmaster, Jean Chamoux. Before World War II, Italian and some Portuguese immigrants arrived; since the 1960s, Africans from former French colonies. Today there is barely a white face among the 117 students. Mr. Chamoux, a slow-moving, jovial man, has been here 20 years and seems to know each student by name. Under a crucifix in his cramped office, he extolled the virtues of Catholic schools. “We practice religious freedom; the public schools don’t,” he said. “We teach the national curriculum. Religious activities are entirely optional.” 天主教学校。 “我们尊重宗教自由;公立学校却不这样做， ”他说。 “我们教的国家课程。宗教活动完全是可以选修的。 “ “If I banned the head scarf, half the girls wouldn’t go to school at all,” he added. “I prefer to have them here, talk to them and tell them that they have a choice. Many actually take it off after a while. My goal is that by the time they graduate they have made a conscious choice, one way or the other.” “如果我禁止头巾，有一半的女孩不会去上学， ”他补充说。 “我希望他们在这里，与 他们交谈，并告诉他们，他们是可以自由选择。许多女孩 一段时间以後 就不戴头巾了。 我的目标是，到他们毕业时，他们已经可以有意识地选择，不管戴不戴头巾。 “ Defenders of secularism retort that such leniency could encourage other special requests, and anti-Western values like the oppression of women. “The head scarf is a sexist sign, and discrimination between the sexes has no place in the republican school,” France’s minister of national education, Xavier Darcos, said in a telephone interview. “That is the fundamental reason why we are against it.” “头巾是一种性别歧视的标志，在公立学校 不允许男女之间的歧视， ”法国教育部长， 在电话采访中说。 “这是根本原因，我们反对它。 ” Mr. Chamoux said he suspects that some pupils (“a small minority,” he said) wear the scarf because of pressure from family. He acknowledged that parents routinely demand exemptions from swimming lessons for daughters who, when denied, present a medical certificate and miss class anyway. Recently, he said, he put his foot down when students asked to remove the crucifix in a classroom they wanted for communal prayers during Ramadan, which in France ends on Tuesday. 他怀疑，一些学生（ “少数人， ”他说）戴围巾，因为来自家庭的压力。 The biology teacher at St. Mauront has been challenged on Darwin’s theory of evolution, and history class can get heated during discussions of the Crusades or the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In 2001, after the Sept. 11 attacks, some Muslim students shocked the staff by showing glee, Mr. Chamoux recalled. 在天主教学校 生物学教师被达尔文的进化论质疑， 历史课 在讨论十字军东征 或是以巴冲突 都能有激烈的讨论 在2001年， 9.11之後，一些工作人员对穆斯林学生的举动感到震惊 因为穆斯林学生表现的很高兴 Chamoux先生回忆说。 The school deals swiftly with offensive comments, he said, but also tries to respect Islam. It takes Muslim holidays into account for parent-teacher meetings. For two years now, it has offered optional Arabic-language instruction — in part to steer students away from Koran classes in neighborhood mosques believed to preach radical Islam. 学校试图尊重伊斯兰教。 两年来，它提供了可选的阿拉伯语教学 When Zohra Hanane, the parent of a Muslim student, was asked why she chose Catholic school for her daughter, Sabrina, her answer was swift. “We share the same God,” she said. 有人问穆斯林的家长 为什麽为她的女儿选择了天主教学校? 她的回答是迅速的。 “我们有着相同的天主， ”她说。 But faith is not the only argument. Even though Ms. Hanane, who is a single mother and currently unemployed, struggles to meet the annual fee at St. Mauront of 249 euros ($364) — unusually low, because the school receives additional state subsidies and has spartan facilities — she said it was worth it because she did not want her children with “the wrong crowd” in the projects. 信仰并不是唯一的理由。 天主教学校每年的费用249欧元（约合364美元 ） -非常低 而且她不想自己的孩子与“不好的同侪”在一起 “It’s expensive and sometimes it’s hard, but I want my children to have a better life,” Ms. Hanane said. “Today this seems to be their best shot.” “学费还是昂贵的，有时很难，但我希望我的孩子们有一个更好的生活， ” Hanane女士 说。 “今天，这似乎是他们最好。 ” Across town, in the gleaming compound housing the Sainte-Trinité high school in the wealthy neighborhood of Mazargues, the rules and conditions are different, but the arguments are similar. Muslim girls there do not wear head scarves. But Imene Sahraoui, 17, a practicing Muslim and the daughter of an Algerian businessman and former diplomat, attends the school, above all to get top grades and move on to business school, preferably abroad. “Public schools just don’t prepare you in the same way,” she said. “公立学校不像天主教学校教这麽的认真， ”她说。 Fifteen of the top 20 high schools in France are Catholic schools, according to a recent ranking in the magazine L’Express. Catholic schools remain popular among Muslims even in cities where Muslim schools have sprung up: Paris, Lyon and Lille. 法国前20名的高中 有 15个是天主教学校， 根据最新的排名。 天主教学校仍然很受穆斯林欢迎 Muslim schools have been hampered in part by the relative poverty of the Muslim community. And only one Muslim school, the Averroës high school on one floor of the Lille mosque, has qualified for state subsidies. To survive, the other three charge significantly higher fees. Also, as M’hamed Ed-Dyouri, headmaster of a new Muslim school just outside Paris, said, “We have to prove ourselves first.” For now, he plans to enroll his son in Catholic school. 穆罕默德爱德华，一个新的穆斯林学校的校长 目前，他想送他的儿子到天主教学校读书。 --

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