这是我在Gray's anatomy 36th 中找到的, 大家参考看看吧!^^ The emissary veins The emissary veins pass trough apertures in the cranial wall and establish communications between the venous sinuses inside the skull and the veins external to it. Some are constant, but others sometimes absent. 1. A mastoid emissary vein runs through the mastoid foramen and unites the sigmoid sinus with the posterior auricular or occipital vein. 2. A parietal emissary vein passes through the parietal foramen and connects the superior sagittal sinus with the veins of the scalp. 3. The venous plexus of the hypoglossal canal and joint the sigmoid sinus to the internal jugular vein. 4. A posterior condylar emissary vein passes through the condylar canal and connects the sigmoid sinus with the veins in the suboccipital triangle. 5. A network of emissary veins (the venous plexus of the foramen ovale)unites the cavernous sinus with the pterygoid plexus through the foramen ovale. 6. Two or three small emissary veins run through the foramen lacerum and connect the cavernous sinus with the pharyngeal veins and pterygoid plexus. 7. A vein transverses the emissary sphenoidal foramen (of vesalius) and connects the same vessels. 8. The internal carotid venous plexus accompanies the internal carotid artery through the carotid canal of the temporal bone and unites the cavernous sinus with the internal jugular vein. 9. The petrosquamous sinus connects the transverse sinus with the external jugular vein. 10. A vein may pass through the foramen caecum, which, however, is patent in only a little over 1 percent of adult skull; it connects veins in the nose with the superior sagittal sinus. 11. An occipital emissary vein connects the confluence of sinuses with the occipital vein through the occipital protuberance. It also receives the occipital diploic vein. This emissary vein may be absent. 12. The occipital sinus usually communicates with variably developed venous channels around the rim of the foramen magnum (the so-called marginal sinuses) and through these with vertebral venous plexuses, providing an alternative escape for venous drainage when the jugular vein is blocked or deliberately tied. 13. The ophthalmic veins must be regarded as potential emissaries; they do connect intracranial to extracranial venous channels. On the other hand, the parietal emissary veins, included here, are usually very small and do not appear to connect with veins of the scalp in corrosion cast perparation. --

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