缺乏vitamin B1 脚气病 缺乏动物性蛋白 皮肤病(pellagra) 缺乏vitamin C 坏血病(scurvy) The Digesitive System:from meals to molecules ．all plant &animal life is made up of ceels,which form tissues that compose the organs &organ systems ．the food we eat is digested in the gastrointestinal tract & nutrients are absorbed into the body ．hormones released into the blood & enzymes released into the gastrointestinal tract facilitate the digestion of food & the absorption of nutrients ．Digestion begins in the mouth ．The small intestine is the primary site of digestion & absorption ．Water-soluble materials are absorbed into the blood.Most fatsoluble materials are absorbed into the hymph ．Change in the gastrointestinal tract can alter digestion and absorption and affect nutritional status. ．Digestion is the process of breaking food into components small enoufh to be absorbed into the body. ．Most of the carbohydrate is digested to sugars, the protein to amino acids, and the fat to fatty acids. (Fatty acids are chains of carbon atoms that are often present as components of larger molecules knows as triglycerides(三酸甘油脂) , which we commonly call fats.) ．Gallbladder is necessary for fat digestion and absorption ．The main part of the digestive system is the gastrointestinal tract= GI tract,gut,digestive tract, intestinal tract, or alimentary canal. ．While in the stomach , the bolus is mixed with highly acidid stomach secretions to form a scmiliquid fppd ,ass ca;;ed chyme. ．While most of the justrointestinal tract is surrounded by two layers of muscle, the stomach contains a third layer, allowing for powerful contractious that thoroughly churn and mix the stomach contents. . 蛋白质主要在为胃消化 　糖在嘴巴就开始分解消化 　脂肪则在小肠开始消化 ．Digestive (1)includes: mouth, esophagus, homach, intestines, pancreas, liver, and gallboadder. (2)ingests and digests food, absorts nutrients into the blood. ．The human body is made up of 4 tissues: muscle, nerves, epithelial, and connective. mucosa 管壁黏膜 connective tissue　结缔组织(包含 nerves ,blood vessels） lumen　肠腔 antigen　抗原 immune system　免疫系统 phagocytes　巨噬细胞 lymphocyte　淋巴细胞 antibodies　抗体 allergic reactions　过敏反应 gastric juice 胃酸 (含hydrochloric acid 盐酸　和 pepsin　胃蛋白分解酉每) peptic ulcer　胃溃疡 motility　胃蠕动 churn　消化 gastrin　胃素 small intestine　小肠 pancreas　胰脏 gallbladder　胆囊(汁) pancreas juice (含bicarbonate　制酸剂　, digestive enzyme) arteny　动脉 vein　静脉 lymph　淋巴 lacteral　微血管 portel vein　肝门脉 heart burn 火烧心（胃酸倒流） gastroesophageal reflux（倒流） disease 肠胃倒流疾病 salivaty glands 唾液腺(分泌淀粉分解酵素) --

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