2001/01/12 一。翻译文章并且回答问题 Individuals seek high relative standing.They engage in social exchange with others in order to achieve and maintain such standing and to transmit it to their children and other close kin. These tendencies are presumably universal. In some socieites, however, there is some surplus production. High relative standing automaitcally would tend to involve some control over that surplus. The social exchanges through wihich individuals maintain their high standing now have a strong economic component....(省略，讲义上有) ........Social exchange facilitates that transmission,too,as reciprocal altruism merges with kin altruism so that members of the elite aid one another's children. (A)why do individuals seek high relative standing? (B)"nepotism"是普遍的长期存在，还是因地区不同与时期不定的存在?理由为何? 二。权力是一种人与人之间的凝聚力，不论是家庭公司国家，这种凝聚力的深浅程度 都有区别。请说明为何individual excellence, importance, interdependence, investment,information,institutionalization,integration,integrity 等八个i's 对建构这种凝聚力的重要性。 三。有组织的，大规模的宗教或类宗教如佛教，基督教，印度教，儒家思想等几乎全部 在距今2500-3000年之间才开始在地球上出现。请从政治学的观点解析 (A)宗教与政治的关系，是举一例说明之。 (B)为何他们突然在几乎相同的时间出现 ??? 以上就是李锡锟教授政治学的考古题 希望对有修这各课的同学有帮助，李教授的演讲真的很棒， 到下学期就更能够掌握精随了.... 另外。上面英文有错别怪我 我还要念书....sorry拉.... 还有去感谢我学妹吧...黄保慈...你学长我还蛮无聊的... 自己报告不做...希望好人有好报 拜托让我期末考all&high pass吧.... --

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