前个学期我修一门进阶的当代理论课，其中最旧的一本书就是Mary Douglas的大作 Purity and Danger，这本是那门课老师说她认为所以人类学学生在研究所一定得读 到的书。因为我们一个礼拜读一本书，所以到期末的时候，班上读书会发起一人写 一本读书摘要、关键概念，我就挑了这一本。因为我是用英文写的，在这边我只翻译 我写的main argument摘要。我在关键概念部分都有注明引用页数好方便以後资料索引， 但这本书改版多次，我用的版本是1992年版，所可能会跟其他有这本书的版友手上的页 次会有些落差。 -------------- Douglas, Mary 1966[1992] Purity and Danger. New York: Routledge. Key Concepts: classification, order, morality, pollution, danger and power Main Arguments: Mary Douglas was influenced by structuralism and concerned classification and ordering systems. From her point of view, the notion of pollution is actually produced by the classification and ordering systems. Thus “matter out of place” would be regarded as dirt endangering the order. Therefore the idea of purity and pollution also create the sense of morality to define proper behaviors. Yet, Douglas continued to argue that danger also had its own power that could be used or integrated into the society later. Mary Douglas是结构主义者。她在这本书关注分类与秩序系统。她视污染的概念为分类 秩序系统的产物。简单来说，"污秽/洁净"的概念是一组分类秩序系统。而外於其所的 事物（matter out of place）就被被当作一种足以危害秩序的污秽。也因此，"污秽/洁净" 的概念也设定了道德规范，定义了适当的举止。然而，作者又进一步论证认为污秽带来的 危险也蕴含着力量，那股力量是可以被社会所整合或挪用的。 Key Terms: [Pollution] The notion of pollution is “the by-product of a systematic ordering and classification of matter” to recognize and reject the existence of anomaly or ambiguity simultaneously (Douglas 1966: 35, 37, 160, 178-9). Douglas develops “the old definition of dirt as matter out of place” into matter out of order and classification (Douglas 1966: 35, 112-3). [Morality, Pollution, and Danger] The sense of pollution and danger can also be “a kind of impersonal punishment for wrongdoings” to maintain or strengthen the accepted social morality to prevent any inappropriate behaviors “crossing the line” and “endangering others” (Douglas 1966: 3, 133, 139). Thus Douglas suggests “the rituals enact the form of social relations and in giving these relations visible expression they enable people to know their own society” and our body also become the “symbolic medium” to practice the beliefs of pollution and taboo (Douglas 1966: 128). [Danger and Power] The notion of disorder coexists with the notion of order and it is not negative at all. The Douglas believes disorder symbolizes not only danger but also power which can become ‘creative’ after the harness ritual “continually modifying or enriching” order (Douglas 1966: 4-5, 72, 94, 161); and the power of anomaly or ambiguity can also be utilized or integrated into the system and reshape the social form (Douglas 1966: 101, 165, 178-9). [Anomaly and\or Ambiguity] Anomaly is matter out of classification and ambiguity is matter cannot be classified. The former is the rejected objected and the later is the unrecognized object. Douglas noticed the different between anomaly and ambiguity but suggested “there was very little advantage in distinguishing between two terms” (Douglas 1966: 37). You may consider comparing her ideas with the discussion about “ambivalence” by Homi K. Bhabha. --

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